VERBAL CONJUGATIONS IN THE ARAMAIC TEXT OF THE WORDS OF AḤIQAR (6-TH CENT. B.C.)
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Abstract
The use of the suffix (qtl) AND prefix (yqtl) conjugations for gnomic actions is typical for the archaic period of the history of Semitic languages. However, semantic distinctions between these verbal forms are still disputable. The problem of semantic connotations of these two forms appears in the poetical texts which are built as parallelismus membrorum, since both qtl and yqtl are used here in the meaning of a gnomic action. However, we can discern some semantic connotations in the use of these verbal forms: qtl-verbs are used mainly in the meaning of a gnomic action when it is necessary to stress an aspect of completeness, result and causality; yqtl-conjugation is used for a secondary, background, repetitive action, and designates consequence; yqtl-verbs prevail in subordinate clauses; participles and infinitive are used rarely for gnomic actions. Distribution of the conjugations as qtl-rheme and yqtl-theme in the Words of Aḥiqar corresponds to the distribution in Hebrew poetry (in contrary to the Ugaritic poetry, where yqtl is rheme and qtl is theme).
How to Cite
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Aramaic Text, Verbal Conjugations, Words of Aḥiqar (6-th cent. B.C.)
Albright William F. From the Stone Age to Christianity. Garden City, 1957.
Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B. C. / Ed. By A Cowley. Oxford, 1923.
Bordreuil Pierre & Pardee Dennis. A Manual of Ugaritic. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2009.
Buth Randall. The Taxomony and Function of Hebrew Tense-Shifting in the Psalms (qatal-yiqtol-yiqtol-qatal, antithetical grammatical parallelism) // Selected Technical Articles Related to Translation, 1986, № 15.
Buth Randall. Topic and Focus in Hebrew Poetry – Psalm 51 // Language in Context: Essays for Robert E. Longacre / Edited by Shin Ja J. Hwang, and William R. Merrifield, 1992.
Dahood Mitchell. Psalms III: 101–150 // Anchor Bible Commentaries, 1970, № 17A.
Fensham F. C. The use of the Suffix Conjugation and the Prefix Conjugation in a Few Old Hebrew Poems // Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, 1978, № 6.
Fenton T. N. Command and Fulfillment in Ugaritic – ‘TQTL’: ‘YQTL and ‘QTL’: ‘QTL’ // Jewish Studies Society, 1969, № 14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/14.1.34
Fitzmayer Josef. A. The Syntax of Imperial Aramaic Based on the Documents Found in Egypt. Baltimore, Maryland, 1956.
Folmer M. L. The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period. Leuven, 1995.
Gevirtz Stanley. Evidence of Conjugational Variation in the Parallelization of Selfsame Verbs in the Amarna Letters // The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1973, № 32.
Givon T. The Drift from VSO to SVO in Biblical Hebrew: The Pragmatics of Tense-Aspect // Mechanisms of Syntactic Change / Ed. by Vharles N. Li, 1981.
Greenfield J. C. Early Aramaic Poetry // The M. Bravmann Memorial Volume of The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1979, № 11.
Greenstain E. L. Review of D. Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language // International Old Testament Studies, 1998, № 18.
Greenstain E. L. Forms and Functions of the Finite Verb in Ugaritic Narrative Verse // Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives / Ed. by S. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz. Jerusalem, 2006.
Gross W. Zur syntaktischen Struktur des Vorfelds im hebräischen Verbalsatz // Zeitschtift für Althebraistic, 1994, № 7.2.
Gross W. Doppelt besetzes Vorfeld: Syntaktische, pragmatische und übersetzungstechnische Studien zum althebräischer Verbalzatz // Beihefte Zur Zeitschrift Fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 2001, № 305. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110872736
Held Moshe. The YQTL-QTL (QTL-QYTL) Sequence of Identical Verbs in Biblical Hebrew and in Ugaritic // Studies and Essays in Honour of Abraham A. Neuman, President, Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning / Edited by Ben-Horin, Meir, Bernard D. Weinryb, and Solomon Zeitlin. Leiden, 1962.
Joosten Jan. The Verbal System of Biblical Hebrew. A New Synthesis Elaborated on the Basis of Classical Prose. Jerusalem, 2012.
Kautzsch E. F. Grammatik des Biblischen-Aramäischen. Leipzig, 1884.
Kutscher E. Y. Aramaic // Current Trends in Linguistics. Linguistics in South West Asia and North Africa / Ed. by T. A. Sebeok. The Hague, 1970. Vol. VI. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111619767-018
Lindenberger James. The Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar. Baltimore and London, 1983.
Lunn N. Word Order Variation in Biblical Hebrew Poetry with Special Reference to the First Book of Psalter // Old Testament Studies, 2006, № 53.
Muraoka T. & B. Porten. A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. Leiden – New York – Köln, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294257
Notarius T. The Archaic System of Verbal Tenses in “Archaic” Biblical Poetry // Diachrony in Biblical Hebrew / Ed. by Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé and Ziony Zevit. 2012.
Shepherd M. B. The Verbal System of Biblical Aramaic: A Distributional Approach. New York, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-0760-3
Tatu S. The Qatal//Yiqtol (Yiqtol//Qatal) Verbal Sequence in Semitic Couplets. Gorgias, 2009. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463214883
Watson W. G. E. Classical Hebrew Poetry. A Guide to Its Techniques. Sheffield, 1984.
Watson W. G. E. Parallelism with Qtl in Ugaritic // Ugarit-Forschungen, 1989, № 21.
Weigl Michael. Die aramäischen Achikar-Sprüche aus Elephantine und die alttestamentliche Weisheitsliteratur. Berlin – New York, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110212099
נוטריוס תניא. מערכת הזמנים בשירה המקראית הארכאית והקלאסית. ירושלים ,2007
REFERENCES
Albright William F. (1957), From the Stone Age to Christianity, Garden City.
Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B. C. (1923), A. Cowley (ed.), Oxford.
Bordreuil Pierre and Pardee Dennis (2009), A Manual of Ugaritic, Winona Lake, Indiana.
Buth Randall (1986), “The Taxomony and Function of Hebrew Tense-Shifting in the Psalms (qatal-yiqtol-yiqtol-qatal, antithetical grammatical parallelism)”, in Selected Technical Articles Related to Translation, No. 15.
Buth Randall (1992), “Topic and Focus in Hebrew Poetry – Psalm 51”, in Ja J. Hwang Shin and R. William (eds), Language in Context: Essays for Robert E. Longacre, Merrifield.
Dahood Mitchell (1970), “Psalms III: 101–150”, Anchor Bible Commentaries, No. 17A.
Fensham F. C. (1978), “The use of the Suffix Conjugation and the Prefix Conjugation in a Few Old Hebrew Poems”, Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, No. 6.
Fenton T. N. (1969), “Command and Fulfillment in Ugaritic – ‘TQTL’: ‘YQTL and ‘QTL’: ‘QTL’”, Jewish Studies Society, No. 14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/14.1.34
Fitzmayer Josef. A. (1956), The Syntax of Imperial Aramaic Based on the Documents Found in Egypt, Baltimore, Maryland.
Folmer M. L. (1995), The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period, Leuven.
Gevirtz Stanley (1973), “Evidence of Conjugational Variation in the Parallelization of Selfsame Verbs in the Amarna Letters”, The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, No. 32. https://doi.org/10.1086/372224
Givon T. (1981), “The Drift from VSO to SVO in Biblical Hebrew: The Pragmatics of Tense-Aspect”, in Charles N. Li (Ed.). Mechanisms of Syntactic Change, Austin and London.
Greenfield J. C. (1979), “Early Aramaic Poetry”, in The M. Bravmann Memorial Volume of The Journal of Near Eastern Studies, No. 11.
Greenstain E. L. (1998), “Review of D. Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language”, International Old Testament Studies, No. 18.
Greenstain E. L. (2006), “Forms and Functions of the Finite Verb in Ugaritic Narrative Verse”, in S. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz (eds), Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives, Jerusalem.
Gross W. (1994), “Zur syntaktischen Struktur des Vorfelds im hebräischen Verbalsatz”, Zeitschtift für Althebraistic, No. 7.2.
Gross W. (2001), “Doppelt besetzes Vorfeld: Syntaktische, pragmatische und übersetzungstechnische Studien zum althebräischer Verbalzatz”, in Beihefte Zur Zeitschrift Fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, No. 305. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110872736
Held Moshe (1962), “The YQTL-QTL (QTL-QYTL) Sequence of Identical Verbs in Biblical Hebrew and in Ugaritic”, in Studies and Essays in Honour of Abraham A. Neuman, President, Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Ben-Horin, Meir, Bernard D. Weinryb, and Solomon Zeitlin (eds), Leiden.
Joosten Jan (2012), The Verbal System of Biblical Hebrew. A New Synthesis Elaborated on the Basis of Classical Prose, Jerusalem.
Kautzsch E. F. (1884), Grammatik des Biblischen-Aramäischen, Leipzig.
Kutscher E. Y. (1970), “Aramaic”, in T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics. Linguistics in South West Asia and North Africa, Vol. VI, Hague. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111619767-018
Lindenberger James (1983), The Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar, Baltimore and London.
Lunn N. (2006), “Word Order Variation in Biblical Hebrew Poetry with Special Reference to the First Book of Psalter”, Old Testament Studies, No. 53.
Muraoka T. and B. Porten (1998), A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic, Leiden, New York and Köln. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294257
Notarius T. (2012), “The Archaic System of Verbal Tenses in “Archaic” Biblical Poetry”, in Diachrony in Biblical Hebrew, Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé and Ziony Zevit (eds), London.
Shepherd M. B. (2008), The Verbal System of Biblical Aramaic: A Distributional Approach, New York. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-0760-3
Tatu S. (2009), The Qatal//Yiqtol (Yiqtol//Qatal) Verbal Sequence in Semitic Couplets, Gorgias. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463214883
Watson W. G. E. (1984), Classical Hebrew Poetry. A Guide to Its Techniques, Sheffield.
Watson W. G. E. (1989), “Parallelism with Qtl in Ugaritic”, Ugarit-Forschungen, No 21. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110212099
Weigl Michael (2010), Die aramäischen Achikar-Sprüche aus Elephantine und die alttestamentliche Weisheitsliteratur, Berlin and New York.
נוטריוס תניא. מערכת הזמנים בשירה המקראית הארכאית והקלאסית. ירושלים , 2007. (In Hebrew).