THE HOLODOMOR THROUGH THE JAPANESE EYES
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Abstract
The research of Japanese experts on the history of the Soviet Union and Russia included the famine in Ukraine in the context of famine which at that time covered the territory of southern Russia, the Urals, the Volga region, and Kazakhstan. In addition, one encounters statements consistent with Russia’s denial of the famine as a planned crime against the Ukrainian people, i.e. genocide. Given the various discussions on this issue, we consider our study to cover the Holodomor and its interpretation by Japanese scholars to be quite relevant. Although Japanese newspapers reported on the famine and the difficult situation in Ukraine during 1920–1930, there was no information about the Holodomor in the first half of the 1930s. Yoshimura Chuzo wrote monographs about the realities of forced starvation caused by the Soviet Union. In addition, after returning to Japan, Masakane Kikuta, who lived in the Soviet Union for a long time and claimed to have witnessed the events, mentioned cases of cannibalism in Ukraine that were caused by a terrible famine. Masakane Kikuta also wrote about the intentions of Nazi Germany in 1935 to take over Ukraine. Given the plight of the peasants at the time, who sought liberation from the Soviet yoke, it is understandable why some Ukrainians perceived and welcomed the German Nazis as liberators. Besides, Masakane Kikuta, author of Memoirs of the Famine in Ukraine, stressed in the title of his publication that the described famine was not in southern Russia, Kazakhstan, or elsewhere in the Soviet Union, but actually in Ukraine. Thus, we can say that, since 1935, knowledgeable Japanese people have recognised the causes and background of the Ukrainian famine in the Soviet Union.
How to Cite
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Holodomor, Ukrainian famine, mutual relationship between Japan and Ukraine, Japanese in USSR
Arkhireys’kyy D. (2019), “Frit’of Nansen ta Ukrayina”, Vsesvitnya istoriya. (In Ukrainian).
LYSTY… (2007), LYSTY Z KHARKOVA. Holod v Ukrayini ta na Pivnichnomu Kavkazi v povidomlennkh italiys’kykh dyplomativ 1932–1933 roky, translated by M. Prokopovych, Italiys’kyy instytut kul’tury v Ukrayini, Folio, Kharkiv. (In Ukrainian).
Osipchuk I. (2018), “Riskuya popast’ v zastenki NKVD, moy praded fotografiroval zhertv Golodomora”, Fakty, available at: https://fakty.ua/258493-riskuya-popast-v-zastenki-nkvd-moj-praded-fotogr. (accessed 20.03.2020). (In Russian).
Gamache R. (2013), Gareth Jones: Eyewitness to the Holodomor, Welsh Academic Press, Cardiff.
Gamashe R. (2014), “Breaking Eggs for a Holodomor: Walter Duranty, the New York Times, and the Denigration of Gareth Jones”, Journalism History, No. 39 (4), pp. 208–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2014.12062918
Krebs A. (1990), “Malcolm Muggeridge, Writer, Dies at 87”, The New York Times, Nov. 15, p. 19.
Panagiotis D. (2017), The Secret War for China: Espionage, Revolution and the Rise of Mao, Bloomsbury Publishing, Tauris.
Pearce S. (2012), Kharkiv 1933 – Moscow 1934 by Alexander Wienerberger, available at: https://samarajadea3bb.myportfolio.com/albium-3 (accessed 20.03.2020).
Taylor S. (1990), Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty: The New York Times’s Man in Moscow, Oxford University Press, USA.
Chén J. “Pòhuài, gāoyā yǔ fǎnkàng-lúnxiàn shíqí běijīng wénhuà jiè miànmiànguān”, Zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng xīnwén wǎng, available at: http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64162/64172/85037/85041/6501218.html (accessed 22.03.2020). (In Chinese).
Hanyuu Yu. (2017), “Kindai jindoushugi taisei no houga to nanmin hogo-Kurimia sensou kara Kokusai Renmei made”, Nihon Daigaku Daigakuin sougou shakai johou kenkyuuka kiyou, No. 18, pp. 147–58. (In Japanese).
Hosaka S. (2020), “Ukuraina KGB akaibu: koukai no haikei to sono miryoku”, Roshiashikenkyu, No. 105. (In Japanese).
Kokusaikan… (1917), Kokusaikan ni okeru Nihon no koritsu, Zen Ajia kai. (In Japanese).
Masakane K. (1936), Roshia senkou roku ka nen, Kokubou kyouiku kai. (In Japanese).
Masakane K. (1943), “Bouchou no seitai”, Seibudo, p. 42. (In Japanese).
Nakai K. (1998), “Sobieto jidai no Ukuraina to Baruto shokoku”, Porando Ukuraina Baruto shi, pp. 318 –21. (In Japanese).
Nishihara Yu. (1980), Zenkiroku Harubin tokumukikan: Kantougun Johoubu no kiseki, Mainichi Shimbunsha. (In Japanese).
Ogino F. (2000), “Shisoukenji”, Iwanami Shinsho, p. 35. (In Japanese).
Rengou… (1949), “Rengou kokugun soushireibu kara bosshu wo meizerareta sendenyou kankobutsu sou mokuroku”, Monbushou shakai kyouiku kyou, p. 309. (In Japanese).
Roshia fashisutotou… (1935), “Roshia fashisutotou Nihon daihyou shutsuen no sumeragika renmei shusai enzetsukai joukyou kankei”, Kokumin shisou zendou kyouka oyobi dantai kokumin shisou zendou kyouka oyobi dantai kankei zakken daiikkan, JACAR (Ajia rekishi shiryou senta), Ref. B04013004000 (dai 1 gazou). (In Japanese).
Roshia… (1935), “Roshia seikatsu no hyori wo kataru (Suzuki Shozo shi ni mono wo kiku kai)”, Shiso Kokubou, p. 211. (In Japanese).
Saitou M. (1932), Tenkan Nihon no jinbutsu fuukei, Daito shobou. (In Japanese).
Sano… (1940), “Sano shidoukan tennin”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 8.09, p. 2. (In Japanese).
Sawada K. (1981), “Nihon ni okeru Goncharofu no juyou ni tsuite: honyaku, kenkyushi gaikan”, Roshiago roshiabungaku kenkyuu, No. 13. (In Japanese).
Sawai M. (2014), “Nihon no kaikyou kousaku to Kiyozane tera no kanri tousei – Moukyou seiken ka no kaimin shakai no jirei kara”, Jinbungakuhou (483), pp. 69–107. (In Japanese).
Seijigaku (1940), “Seijigaku hakase Kenzen Zanba wa waga kuni hannkyou undou no rironteki bunkateki shidousha de aru”, Nihon hankyou undou no tenbou, Kokumin seiji keizai kenkyuujo, p. 118. (In Japanese).
Shimotomai N. (2009), “ ‘Kuuhaku’ to ‘Kioku’: Ukuraina kikin to rekishi ninshiki”, Kokusai mondai, No. 580, pp. 1–3. (In Japanese).
Shisou kokubou (1935), Kokubou kyouiku kai, Vol. 1, No. 1–3. (In Japanese).
Shisou kokubou (1936), Kokubou kyouiku kai, Vol. 2, No. 1. (In Japanese).
Soren... (1934), “Soren no tainichi sekka kousaku sono ta”, Kyousantou senden kankei zakken, JACAR (Ajia rekishi shiryou senta), Ref. B02030943700 (dai 28, 32 gazou). (In Japanese).
Teikoku… (1990), Teikoku rikugun shougun souran, Akita Shoten, Tokyo. (In Japanese).
Yamauchi H. (1937), Sekigun shoukou inbou jiken no shinsou: Sutarin ankoku seiji no bakuro, Kokusai hankyou renmei chousabu, pp. 2–8. (In Japanese).
Yamauchi H. (1938), Nihon ni chousen suru akama: sobieto no tainichi kaisen junbi, Aikoku Shimbunsha Shuppanbu. (In Japanese).
Yanagisawa H. (2018), “Dai kikin ‘Horodomoru’ – Ukuraina wo doukoku no daichi to kashita ‘kanashimi no shuukaku’ ”, Ukuraina wo shiru tame no 65 sho. (In Japanese).
Yomiuri Shimbun (1922), 19.07. (In Japanese).
Yomiuri Shimbun (1936), 25.08. (In Japanese).
Yoshimura Ch. (1934), Nichiro no genzai oyobi shorai, Nihon kouronsha. (In Japanese).
Yoshimura Ch. (1937), Soren wa Nihon ni chousen suru ka, Nihon kouen tsuushin sha. (In Japanese).
REFERENCES
Arkhireys’kyy D. (2019), “Frit’of Nansen ta Ukrayina”, Vsesvitnya istoriya. (In Ukrainian).
LYSTY… (2007), LYSTY Z KHARKOVA. Holod v Ukrayini ta na Pivnichnomu Kavkazi v povidomlennkh italiys’kykh dyplomativ 1932–1933 roky, translated by M. Prokopovych, Italiys’kyy instytut kul’tury v Ukrayini, Folio, Kharkiv. (In Ukrainian).
Osipchuk I. (2018), “Riskuya popast’ v zastenki NKVD, moy praded fotografiroval zhertv Golodomora”, Fakty, available at: https://fakty.ua/258493-riskuya-popast-v-zastenki-nkvd-moj-praded-fotogr. (accessed 20.03.2020). (In Russian).
Gamache R. (2013), Gareth Jones: Eyewitness to the Holodomor, Welsh Academic Press, Cardiff.
Gamashe R. (2014), “Breaking Eggs for a Holodomor: Walter Duranty, the New York Times, and the Denigration of Gareth Jones”, Journalism History, No. 39 (4), pp. 208–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2014.12062918
Krebs A. (1990), “Malcolm Muggeridge, Writer, Dies at 87”, The New York Times, Nov. 15, p. 19.
Panagiotis D. (2017), The Secret War for China: Espionage, Revolution and the Rise of Mao, Bloomsbury Publishing, Tauris.
Pearce S. (2012), Kharkiv 1933 – Moscow 1934 by Alexander Wienerberger, available at: https://samarajadea3bb.myportfolio.com/albium-3 (accessed 20.03.2020).
Taylor S. (1990), Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty: The New York Times’s Man in Moscow, Oxford University Press, USA.
Chén J. “Pòhuài, gāoyā yǔ fǎnkàng-lúnxiàn shíqí běijīng wénhuà jiè miànmiànguān”, Zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng xīnwén wǎng, available at: http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64162/64172/85037/85041/6501218.html (accessed 22.03.2020). (In Chinese).
Hanyuu Yu. (2017), “Kindai jindoushugi taisei no houga to nanmin hogo-Kurimia sensou kara Kokusai Renmei made”, Nihon Daigaku Daigakuin sougou shakai johou kenkyuuka kiyou, No. 18, pp. 147–58. (In Japanese).
Hosaka S. (2020), “Ukuraina KGB akaibu: koukai no haikei to sono miryoku”, Roshiashikenkyu, No. 105. (In Japanese).
Kokusaikan… (1917), Kokusaikan ni okeru Nihon no koritsu, Zen Ajia kai. (In Japanese).
Masakane K. (1936), Roshia senkou roku ka nen, Kokubou kyouiku kai. (In Japanese).
Masakane K. (1943), “Bouchou no seitai”, Seibudo, p. 42. (In Japanese).
Nakai K. (1998), “Sobieto jidai no Ukuraina to Baruto shokoku”, Porando Ukuraina Baruto shi, pp. 318 –21. (In Japanese).
Nishihara Yu. (1980), Zenkiroku Harubin tokumukikan: Kantougun Johoubu no kiseki, Mainichi Shimbunsha. (In Japanese).
Ogino F. (2000), “Shisoukenji”, Iwanami Shinsho, p. 35. (In Japanese).
Rengou… (1949), “Rengou kokugun soushireibu kara bosshu wo meizerareta sendenyou kankobutsu sou mokuroku”, Monbushou shakai kyouiku kyou, p. 309. (In Japanese).
Roshia fashisutotou… (1935), “Roshia fashisutotou Nihon daihyou shutsuen no sumeragika renmei shusai enzetsukai joukyou kankei”, Kokumin shisou zendou kyouka oyobi dantai kokumin shisou zendou kyouka oyobi dantai kankei zakken daiikkan, JACAR (Ajia rekishi shiryou senta), Ref. B04013004000 (dai 1 gazou). (In Japanese).
Roshia… (1935), “Roshia seikatsu no hyori wo kataru (Suzuki Shozo shi ni mono wo kiku kai)”, Shiso Kokubou, p. 211. (In Japanese).
Saitou M. (1932), Tenkan Nihon no jinbutsu fuukei, Daito shobou. (In Japanese).
Sano… (1940), “Sano shidoukan tennin”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 8.09, p. 2. (In Japanese).
Sawada K. (1981), “Nihon ni okeru Goncharofu no juyou ni tsuite: honyaku, kenkyushi gaikan”, Roshiago roshiabungaku kenkyuu, No. 13. (In Japanese).
Sawai M. (2014), “Nihon no kaikyou kousaku to Kiyozane tera no kanri tousei – Moukyou seiken ka no kaimin shakai no jirei kara”, Jinbungakuhou (483), pp. 69–107. (In Japanese).
Seijigaku (1940), “Seijigaku hakase Kenzen Zanba wa waga kuni hannkyou undou no rironteki bunkateki shidousha de aru”, Nihon hankyou undou no tenbou, Kokumin seiji keizai kenkyuujo, p. 118. (In Japanese).
Shimotomai N. (2009), “ ‘Kuuhaku’ to ‘Kioku’: Ukuraina kikin to rekishi ninshiki”, Kokusai mondai, No. 580, pp. 1–3. (In Japanese).
Shisou kokubou (1935), Kokubou kyouiku kai, Vol. 1, No. 1–3. (In Japanese).
Shisou kokubou (1936), Kokubou kyouiku kai, Vol. 2, No. 1. (In Japanese).
Soren... (1934), “Soren no tainichi sekka kousaku sono ta”, Kyousantou senden kankei zakken, JACAR (Ajia rekishi shiryou senta), Ref. B02030943700 (dai 28, 32 gazou). (In Japanese).
Teikoku… (1990), Teikoku rikugun shougun souran, Akita Shoten, Tokyo. (In Japanese).
Yamauchi H. (1937), Sekigun shoukou inbou jiken no shinsou: Sutarin ankoku seiji no bakuro, Kokusai hankyou renmei chousabu, pp. 2–8. (In Japanese).
Yamauchi H. (1938), Nihon ni chousen suru akama: sobieto no tainichi kaisen junbi, Aikoku Shimbunsha Shuppanbu. (In Japanese).
Yanagisawa H. (2018), “Dai kikin ‘Horodomoru’ – Ukuraina wo doukoku no daichi to kashita ‘kanashimi no shuukaku’ ”, Ukuraina wo shiru tame no 65 sho. (In Japanese).
Yomiuri Shimbun (1922), 19.07. (In Japanese).
Yomiuri Shimbun (1936), 25.08. (In Japanese).
Yoshimura Ch. (1934), Nichiro no genzai oyobi shorai, Nihon kouronsha. (In Japanese).
Yoshimura Ch. (1937), Soren wa Nihon ni chousen suru ka, Nihon kouen tsuushin sha. (In Japanese).