CHINESE IN HONG KONG: LANGUAGE, CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND REPRESENTATIONS
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Abstract
Throughout the period of time following the Return of Hong Kong in 1997 many have speculated on what does actually “being Chinese” mean for those, who live beyond the Mainland China and how do they associate themselves with the Chinese culture. This question rose much earlier than the Handover began, but still it remains very difficult to answer especially for those young people who were born in the early 90’s and later. The identity of Hong Kong dwellers is often described as dual or dualistic, especially when referring to the younger population, who use ‘Chinese Hongkonger’ and ‘Hong Kong Chinese’ to describe their belonging to a certain group, as opposed to simple terms of ‘Hongkonger’ or ‘Chinese’. But what are the exact aspects that cause people to have these ‘two layers’ in their identities? How being Chinese contradict or otherwise agree with being a Hongkonger and why? In this article we attempt at making a rather broad overview of those features that, to our opinion, play the most important role in shaping and structuring the local identities of people of Hong Kong: traditional and modern culture of China, language situation, education and tourism. Furthermore we make an attempt at outlining mutual representations of Hong Kong people and Mainland Chinese.
How to Cite
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Chinese, cultural identities, Hong Kong, language, representations
Cao Juan, Zhang Peng. Representation of Hong Kong in Mainland Cinema // Movie Literature, 2010, № 9.
Cao Juan, Zhang Peng. 香港电影中的内地女性形象 [Mainland female images in Hong Kong cinema]. Film Literature, 2011, № 14.
Cheng Kaiming. Education Reform in Hong Kong: Concepts, Design and Implementation // Hong Kong and Macau Studies, 2014, № 3.
Clarke, D. Reclaimed Land: Hong Kong in Transition. Hong Kong, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T038802
Cui Yingchao. 历史教学与港澳台大学生的文化认同教育探研 [Teaching history and culture identity education of university students in Hong Kong, Macau and Macau] // Education Exploration, 2011, № 240 (6).
Deng Weisheng. 香港青少年国民身份认同研究 [Research of national identity of Hong Kong youth] // Guangdong Education, 2008, № 12.
Evans, S. The Long March to Biliteracy and Trilingualism: Language Policy in Hong Kong Education System Since the Handover // Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2013, № 33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190513000019
Fang Ning, Lu Xiaolu. On Language Utilization and Identity Acknowledgement in Cross-Cultural Communication: Based on Analysis of Cultural Differences // Journal of Sichuan International Studies University, 2012, № 2 (28).
Fung Dennis, Ma Maggie. The Changes of Language Policies in Hong Kong Education in the Post-Colonial Era // International Conference on Education, Applied Sciences and Management, 2012, December 26–27, Dubai (UAE).
Gu Hanchen.对港产合拍片中 “内地人” 形象的身份认同分析 [Analyzing identity status of ‘mainlander’ image in coproduced Hong Kong movies] // Movie Review, 2008, № 14.
Huang Yifan. 香港教育管理对内地教育管理发展的启示 [Hong Kong education management inspiring Mainland education management development] // Education Frontiers, 2015, № 8.
Jones, Carol A.G. Lost in China? Law, Culture and Identity in Post-1997 Hong Kong. Cambridge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316144916
Li Hui. Research on Hong Kong Language Education Policy Under Trans-Culture Linguistic Environment. Southwest University. PhD Thesis. 2010.
Ran Yuanmao. Identity Politics and Anxiety over Identifying with Nation State // Journal of Guizhou University for Ethnic Minorities, 2009, № 4 (116).
Shen Benqiu. 港人 “二元” 认同的地缘政治阐释 [Geopolitical explanation of the ‘duality’ of Hongkongers’ identity] // Issues of Contemporary World Socialism, 2014, № 4.
Shi Chuan, Gu Hanchen. 群组认同与香港电影中的 ‘北佬’ 形象 [Collective identity and the image of ‘lao bei’ in Hong Kong cinema] // Literature and Art Studies, 2007, № 11.
Wang Ying. An Analysis of Identification and the Establishment of Identity // Journal of Henan Normal University, 2008, № 1 (35).
Xu Haibo, Xing Lijun. Interactive Subjectivity and the Construction of Hongkongers’ National Identity // Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2013, № 30 (2).
Xu Junqian, Huang Huiyun. 香港新媒体中的大陆人形象建构— —以香港高登社区为例 [Construction the image of Mainlanders in new media of Hong Kong: high class community of Hong Kong as an example] // Journalism Bimonthly, 2015, № 130.
Xu Shiqiang. 我是中国人——香港回归以来国民教育发展述评 [I am Chinese: national education in post-1997 Hong Kong] // Shanghai Research on Education, 2008, № 11.
Yu Fenlei. Research of College Students’ Cultural Identity in Post-colonial Context // Journal of Ningbo Institute of Education, 2011, № 13 (3).
Zheng Pei, Xu Xiaowen. 在港内地大学生身份认同调查——以香港大学的内地大学生为例 [Researching self-identification of Mainland university students in Hong Kong] // Youth Studies, 2011, № 5.
REFERENCES
Cao Juan and Zhang Peng (2010), “Representation of Hong Kong in Mainland Cinema”, Movie Literature, No. 9.
Cao Juan and Zhang Peng (2011), “香港电影中的内地女性形象 [Mainland female images in Hong Kong cinema]” Film Literature, No. 14. (In Chinese).
Cheng Kaiming (2014), “Education Reform in Hong Kong: Concepts, Design and Implementation”, Hong Kong and Macau Studies, No. 3.
Clarke D. (2002), Reclaimed Land: Hong Kong in Transition, Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T038802
Cui Yingchao (2011), “历史教学与港澳台大学生的文化认同教育探研 [Teaching history and culture identity education of university students in Hong Kong, Macau and Macau]”, Education Exploration, No. 240 (6). (In Chinese).
Deng Weisheng (2008), “香港青少年国民身份认同研究 [Research of national identity of Hong Kong youth]”, in Guangdong Education, No. 12. (In Chinese).
Evans S. (2013), “The Long March to Biliteracy and Trilingualism: Language Policy in Hong Kong Education System Since the Handover”, in Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, No. 33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190513000019
Fang Ning and Lu Xiaolu (2012), “On Language Utilization and Identity Acknowledgement in Cross-Cultural Communication: Based on Analysis of Cultural Differences”, Journal of Sichuan International Studies University, No. 2 (28).
Fung Dennis and Ma Maggie (2012), “The Changes of Language Policies in Hong Kong Education in the Post-Colonial Era”, International Conference on Education, Applied Sciences and Management, December 26–27, Dubai (UAE).
Gu Hanchen (2008), “对港产合拍片中 “内地人” 形象的身份认同分析 [Analyzing identity status of ‘mainlander’ image in coproduced Hong Kong movies]”, Movie Review, No. 14. (In Chinese).
Huang Yifan (2015), “香港教育管理对内地教育管理发展的启示 [Hong Kong education management inspiring Mainland education management development]”, Education Frontiers, No. 8. (In Chinese).
Jones, Carol A.G. (2015), Lost in China? Law, Culture and Identity in Post-1997 Hong Kong, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316144916
Li Hui (2010), Research on Hong Kong Language Education Policy Under Trans-Culture Linguistic Environment. Southwest University, PhD Thesis.
Ran Yuanmao (2009), “Identity Politics and Anxiety over Identifying with Nation State”, Journal of Guizhou University for Ethnic Minorities, No. 4 (116).
Shen Benqiu (2014), “港人 “二元” 认同的地缘政治阐释 [Geopolitical explanation of the ‘duality’ of Hongkongers’ identity]”, Issues of Contemporary World Socialism, No. 4. (In Chinese).
Shi Chuan and Gu Hanchen (2007), “群组认同与香港电影中的 ‘北佬’ 形象 [Collective identity and the image of ‘lao bei’ in Hong Kong cinema]”, Literature and Art Studies, No. 11. (In Chinese).
Wang Ying (2008), “An Analysis of Identification and the Establishment of Identity”, Journal of Henan Normal University, No. 1 (35).
Xu Haibo and Xing Lijun (2013), “Interactive Subjectivity and the Construction of Hongkongers’ National Identity”, Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities and Social Sciences), No. 30 (2).
Xu Junqian and Huang Huiyun (2015), “香港新媒体中的大陆人形象建构— —以香港高登社区为例 [Construction the image of Mainlanders in new media of Hong Kong: high class community of Hong Kong as an example]”, Journalism Bimonthly, No. 130. (In Chinese).
Xu Shiqiang (2008), “我是中国人——香港回归以来国民教育发展述评 [I am Chinese: national education in post-1997 Hong Kong]”, Shanghai Research on Education, No. 11. (In Chinese)
Yu Fenlei (2011), “Research of College Students’ Cultural Identity in Post-colonial Context”, Journal of Ningbo Institute of Education, No. 13 (3).
Zheng Pei and Xu Xiaowen (2011), “在港内地大学生身份认同调查——以香港大学的内地大学生为例 [Researching self-identification of Mainland university students in Hong Kong]”, Youth Studies, No. 5. (In Chinese).