HEBREW POETRY: A ROLE OF SYNTAX IN VERSIFICATION
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Abstract
Numerous researches of the Hebrew verse structure, which have been done since XVIII century, demonstrate more and more common ideas on the nature of Hebrew poetry as syntax-oriented verse (that is a kind of verse which is based on certain syntactic models). This article is concerned with a review of researches on the basic principles of Hebrew versification; the role of rhythm and phonetic devices in the syntax-oriented structural patterns of the parallel verse is also considered.
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Hebrew Poetry, Role of Syntax, Versification
Albright W. F. “The Oracles of Balaam” // Journal for the Aramaic Bible, 1944, № 63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3262320
Albright W. F. “Archaic Survivals in the Text of Canticles” // Hebrew and Semitic Studies presented to G. R. Driver. Oxford, 1963.
Alter R. The Art of Biblical Poetry. New York, 1985.
Alter R. The Dynamics of Parallelism // Hebrew University Studies in Literature and the Arts, 1983, № 11. 1а.
Alter R. From Line to Story in Biblical Verse // Poetics Today, 1983, № 4b. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772317
Andersen Francis L. The Sentence in Biblical Hebrew. The Hague – Paris, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111356808
Barr J. St. Jerome and the Sounds of Hebrew // Jewish Studies Society, 1967, № 12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/12.1.1
Berlin A. Introduction to Hebrew Poetry // New International Bible, 1996, № 4.
Berlin A. On Reading Biblical Poetry: The Role of Metaphor // Congress Volume. Cambridge, 1995 (Vetus Testamentum supplements, 66; 1997). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004275904_003
Cross F. M. & Freedman D. N. Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry. Baltimore, 1950.
Cross F.M. & Freedman D. N. The Song of Miriam // Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1955, № 14. https://doi.org/10.1086/371290
Cooper A. On Reading Biblical Poetry // Maarav, 1987, № 4.
Collins T. Line-Forms in Hebrew Poetry. A Grammatical Approach to the Stylistic Study of the Hebrew Poetry. Rome, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/23.2.228
Driver G. R. Semitic Writing. London, 1976.
Fitzgerald A. Hebrew Poetry // New Jerome Biblical Commentary, 1990.
Freedman D. N. Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15 // A Light into My Path. Philadelphia, 1975.
Freedman D. N. Another Look at Biblical Hebrew Poetry // Directions in Biblical Poetry / Follis [ed.]. Sheffield, 1987. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements 40).
Freedman D. N. Archaic Forms in Early Hebrew Poetry // Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 1960, № 31. https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1960.72.2.101
Freedman D. N. Patterns in Psalms 25 and 34 // Priests, Prophets and Scribes: Essays on the Formation and Heritage of Second Temple Judaism in Honour of Joseph Blenkinsopp / E. Ulrich [ed.]. Sheffield, 1992. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements, 149).
Freedman D. N. The Structure of Psalm 119: Part I // Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Ritual, Law in Honor of Jacob Milgrom / D. P. Wright, D. N. Freedman and A. Hurvitz [eds.]. Winnona Lake, Ind., 1995.
Fokkelman J. P. Major Poems of the Hebrew Bible at the Interface of Hermeneutics and Structural Analysis. Vol. I. Van Gorum, Assen, The Netherlands, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004358676
Fokkelman J. P. The Song of Deborah and Barak: Its Prosodic Levels and Structure // Pomegranates and Golden Bells, Studies in Biblical, Jewish and Near Eastern Ritual, Law and Literature of Honor of Jacob Milgrom / D. P. Wright, D. N. Freedman and A. Hurvitz [eds.]. Winnona Lake, Ind., 1995.
Garr W. R. The Qinah: A Study of Poetic Meter, Syntax and Style // Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 1983, № 95. https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1983.95.1.54
Geller S. A. Parallelism in Early Biblical Poetry. Missoula, 1979. (Harvard Semitic Monographs 20). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004386815
Giese R. L. Strophic Hebrew Verse as Free Verse // Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1994, № 61. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929401906103
Gogel Sandra L. A Grammar of Epigraphic Hebrew. Atlanta, Georgia, 1998.
Gottwald N. K. Studies in the Book of Lamentations. London, 1954. (Studies in Biblical Theology 14).
Greenfield J. C. Early Aramaic Poetry // Israel Exploration Journal, 1969, № 19.
Kaufman S. A. The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago and London, 1974. (Assyriological Studies 19).
Kaufman S. A. The History of Aramaic Vowel Reduction // Arameans, Aramaic and the Aramaic Literary Tradition, M. Sokoloff [ed.]. Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1983.
Kaufman S. A. On Vowel Reduction in Aramaic // Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1984, № 104. https://doi.org/10.2307/602645
Korpel M. C. A. & de Moor J. C. Fundamentals of Ugaritic and Hebrew Poetry // Ugarit-Forschungen / W. van der Meer and J. C. de Moor [eds.], 1986, № 18.
Kugel J. L. The Idea of Biblical Poetry: Parallelism and its History. New Haven, 1981.
Kuryłowicz J. Studies in Semitic Grammar and Metrics. Wroclaw, 1973.
Lambert W. G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford, 1960.
Longman T. A Critique of Two Recent Metrical Systems // Biblica, 1982, № 63.
Lowth R. Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews. Andover, MA, 1829 [1753].
Lowth R. Isaiah. A New Translation With a Preliminary Dissertation and Notes. London, 1848 [1778].
Miller P. D. Meter, Parallelism, and Tropes: The Search for Poetic Style // Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1984, № 28. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908928400902807
Miller P. D. The Theological Significance of Biblical Poetry // Language, Theology, and the Bible: Essays in Honour of James Barr / P. D. Miller, S. E. Balentine and J. Barton [eds.]. Oxford, 1994.
Niccacci A. The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System in Poetry // Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives / S. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz [eds.]. Winona Lake, Ind, 2006.
O’Connor M. Hebrew Verse Structure. Winona Lake, IN, 1980.
Soll W. M. Babylonian and Biblical Acrostics // Biblica, 1988, № 69.
Watson W. G. E. Classical Hebrew Poetry: A Guide to its Techniques. Sheffield, 1984. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements 26).
Watson W. G. E. Parallelism with Qtl in Ugaritic // Ugarit-Furschungen, 1989, № 21.
Watson W. G. E. Traditional Techniques in Classical Hebrew Verse. Sheffield, 1994. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements 170).
REFERENCES
Albright W. F. (1944), “The Oracles of Balaam”, in Journal for the Aramaic Bible, No. 63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3262320
Albright W. F. (1963), “Archaic Survivals in the Text of Canticles”, in Hebrew and Semitic Studies presented to G. R. Driver, Oxford.
Alter R. (1985), The Art of Biblical Poetry, New York.
Alter R. (1983), “The Dynamics of Parallelism”, in Hebrew University Studies in Literature and the Arts, No. 11. 1а.
Alter R. (1983), “From Line to Story in Biblical Verse”, in Poetics Today, No. 4b. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772317
Andersen Francis L. (1974), The Sentence in Biblical Hebrew, The Hague, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111356808
Barr J. (1967), “St. Jerome and the Sounds of Hebrew”, in Jewish Studies Society, No. 12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/12.1.1
Berlin A. (1996), “Introduction to Hebrew Poetry”, in New International Bible, No. 4.
Berlin A. (1995), “On Reading Biblical Poetry: The Role of Metaphor”, in Congress Volume, Cambridge, (Vetus Testamentum supplements, 66; 1997). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004275904_003
Cross F. M. and Freedman D. N. (1950), Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry, Baltimore.
Cross F. M. and Freedman D. N. (1955), “The Song of Miriam”, in Journal of Near Eastern Studies, No. 14. https://doi.org/10.1086/371290
Cooper A. (1987), “On Reading Biblical Poetry”, in Maarav, No. 4.
Collins T. (1978), “Line-Forms in Hebrew Poetry”, in A Grammatical Approach to the Stylistic Study of the Hebrew Poetry, Rome. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/23.2.228
Driver G. R. (1976), Semitic Writing, London.
Fitzgerald A. (1990), “Hebrew Poetry”, in New Jerome Biblical Commentary.
Freedman D. N. (1975), “Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15”, in A Light into My Path, Philadelphia.
Freedman D. N. (1987), “Another Look at Biblical Hebrew Poetry”, in Directions in Biblical Poetry, Follis (Ed.), Sheffield. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements 40).
Freedman D. N. (1960), “Archaic Forms in Early Hebrew Poetry”, in Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, No. 31. https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1960.72.2.101
Freedman D. N. (1992), “Patterns in Psalms 25 and 34”, in Priests, Prophets and Scribes: Essays on the Formation and Heritage of Second Temple Judaism in Honour of Joseph Blenkinsopp, E. Ulrich (Ed.), Sheffield. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements, 149).
Freedman D. N. (1995), “The Structure of Psalm 119: Part I”, in Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Ritual, Law in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, D. P. Wright, D. N. Freedman and A. Hurvitz (Eds.), Winnona Lake, Ind.
Fokkelman J. P. (1998), Major Poems of the Hebrew Bible at the Interface of Hermeneutics and Structural Analysis, Vol. I, Van Gorum, Assen, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004358676
Fokkelman J. P. (1995), “The Song of Deborah and Barak: Its Prosodic Levels and Structure”, in Pomegranates and Golden Bells, Studies in Biblical, Jewish and Near Eastern Ritual, Law and Literature of Honor of Jacob Milgrom, D. P. Wright, D. N. Freedman and A. Hurvitz (Eds.), Winnona Lake, Ind.
Garr W. R. (1983), “The Qinah: A Study of Poetic Meter, Syntax and Style”, in Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, No. 95. https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1983.95.1.54
Geller S. A. (1979), Parallelism in Early Biblical Poetry, Missoula. (Harvard Semitic Monographs 20). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004386815
Giese R. L. (1994), “Strophic Hebrew Verse as Free Verse”, in Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, No. 61. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929401906103
Gogel Sandra L. (1998), A Grammar of Epigraphic Hebrew, Atlanta, Georgia.
Gottwald N. K. (1954), Studies in the Book of Lamentations, London. (Studies in Biblical Theology 14).
Greenfield J. C. (1969), “Early Aramaic Poetry”, in Israel Exploration Journal, No. 19.
Kaufman S. A. (1974), The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic, Chicago, London. (Assyriological Studies 19).
Kaufman S. A. (1983), “The History of Aramaic Vowel Reduction”, in Arameans, Aramaic and the Aramaic Literary Tradition, M. Sokoloff (Ed.), Bar Ilan University Press, Ramat-Gan.
Kaufman S. A. (1984), “On Vowel Reduction in Aramaic”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, No. 104. https://doi.org/10.2307/602645
Korpel M. C. A. and de Moor J. C. (1986), “Fundamentals of Ugaritic and Hebrew Poetry”, in Ugarit-Forschungen, W. van der Meer and J. C. de Moor (Eds.), No. 18.
Kugel J. L. (1981), The Idea of Biblical Poetry: Parallelism and its History, New Haven.
Kuryłowicz J. (1973), Studies in Semitic Grammar and Metrics, Wroclaw.
Lambert W. G. (1960), Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford.
Longman T. (1982), “A Critique of Two Recent Metrical Systems”, in Biblica, No. 63.
Lowth R. (1829), Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews, Andover, MA, [1753].
Lowth R. (1848), Isaiah. A New Translation With a Preliminary Dissertation and Notes, London, [1778].
Miller P. D. (1984), “Meter, Parallelism, and Tropes: The Search for Poetic Style”, in Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, No. 28. https://doi.org/10.1177/030908928400902807
Miller P. D. (1994), “The Theological Significance of Biblical Poetry”, in Language, Theology, and the Bible: Essays in Honour of James Barr, P. D. Miller, S. E. Balentine and J. Barton (Eds.), Oxford.
Niccacci A. (2006), “The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System in Poetry”, in Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives, S. Fassberg and A. Hurvitz (Eds.), Winona Lake, Ind,.
O’Connor M. (1980), Hebrew Verse Structure, Winona Lake, IN.
Soll W. M. (1988), “Babylonian and Biblical Acrostics”, in Biblica, No 69.
Watson W. G. E. (1984), Classical Hebrew Poetry: A Guide to its Techniques, Sheffield. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament supplements 26).
Watson W. G. E. (1989), “Parallelism with Qtl in Ugaritic”, in Ugarit-Furschungen, No. 21.
Watson W. G. E. (1994), Traditional Techniques in Classical Hebrew Verse, Sheffield.