НОВІ ЗНАХІДКИ З ЦВИНТАРЯ ЧУФУТ-КАЛЕ (КРИМ)

M. Martyn

doi:10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2017.78.038

NEW FINDINGS FROM THE CEMETERY OF CHUFUT-KALE (CRIMEA)

PDF (Українська)

https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2017.78.038

M. Martyn

Ukrainian Catholic University

Abstract

The history of discovery of Crimean Karaites epigraphic heritage has been accompanied by scandals and accusations in forgery from the time of the first publications in the 19th c. Since the book of Abracham Firkovich, Avnei Zikkaron (Vilna, 1872) was published, epitaphs from the tombstones of the cemeteries from Crimea have been the subject of polemics. Many authorities accused A. Firkovich in forgery. They claimed that A. Firkovich had forged the dates in the oldest published epitaphs, using much newer tombstones but changing the first letter of the date, usually “he” onto “tav”. In this way he had made the dates 600 years older. On the other hand, many historians used to defend A. Firkovich’s point of view.
Scholars engaged in issue from the both sides of the polemics, like Daniel Khvolson and Arist Kunik, offered to use the Karaite calendar to verify the authenticity of the tombstones checking the dates on them. The idea was that full dates (day of week and day of month) from the forged epitaphs do not coincide with calendar. But only in 1910, when a Karaite astronomer and ardent Firkovich`s paladine from the Russian Empire, Juriy (Iufuda) Kokizov published a Karaite calendar for 2200 years, an instrument for such a check was founded.
Last 15 years were very fruitful in the area of Karaite’s studies, including epigraphic studies in Crimea. All main corps of epitaphs have been disco-vered and published or prepared to be published. The core problems in this field of studies are solved. But it’s hard to exhaust to the end epigraphic material from such fruitful field as the Karaite cemeteries from Crimea, so new findings are still possible, and Kokizov’s calendar could be used to check the dates on epitaphs. Usually, and calendar shows it “black on white”, examining the epitaphs of the 10th–11th c. we deal with tombstones forged by Fir-kovich in the way mentioned above.

How to Cite

Martyn, M. (2017). NEW FINDINGS FROM THE CEMETERY OF CHUFUT-KALE (CRIMEA). The Oriental Studies, (78), 38-56. https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2017.78.038

Article views: 44 | PDF Downloads: 22

Keywords

References

Акчораклы О. Старо-Крымские надписи (по раскопкам 1928 г.) // Известия Таврического общества истории, археологии и этнографии. Т. 3. Симферополь, 1929.

Бабаликашвили Н. И. О нескольких еврейскоязычных караимских эпиграфических памятниках из Чуфут-Кале // Семитологические штудии. Тбилиси, 1986.

Гаркави А. Я. По вопросу о иудейских древностях, найденных Фирковичем в Крыму // Журнал министерства народного просвещения. Т. CXCII, № 8. Санкт-Петербург, 1877.

Донесение академиков Броссе, Куника, Вельяминова-Зер-нова о собрании рукописей и других древностей, предложенных гг. Фирковичами в продажу Императорской Публичной библиотеке. Санкт-Петербург, 1869.

[Казас И. И.] Общие заметки о караимах // Караимская жизнь. Москва, 1911. № 3–4.

Куник А. Тохтамыш и Фиркович // Записки Императорской Академии наук. Том. ХXVII (приложение № 3). Т. 3. Санкт-Петербург, 1876.

Кокизов Ю. Д. 44 надгробных памятника из Крыма с ка-раимского кладбища в Чуфут-Кале и тридцать две надписи на памятниках с особенным древним летоисчислением и календарём. Санкт-Петербург, 1910.

Кокизов Ю. Д. В защиту памяти А. Фирковича // Караимская жизнь. Москва, 1911. № 7.

Кокизов Ю. Д. Караимы: краткий исторический очерк. Санкт-Петербург, 1898.

Кокизов Ю. Д. Караимский календарь: на 2200 лет с 4001 по 6200 год по караимскому летоисчислению или с 241 по 2400 год по рождество Христово (іврит). Санкт-Петербург, 1912.

Кокизов Ю. Д. Новые доказательства против старых обвинений // Караимская жизнь. Москва, 1911. № 1.

Мартин М. М. Караїмська епіграфіка Криму: проблема календаря і верифікація пам’яток // Українська орієнталістика. № 4–5, Київ, 2010.

Фиркович А. Сефер Авнэ-Зикарон (іврит). Вильна, 1872.

Хвольсон Д. А. Сборник еврейских надписей, содержащий надписи из Крыма и надгробные надписи из иных мест в древнем еврейском квадратном шрифте. Санкт-Петербург, 1884.

Ankori, Zvi. Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years, 970–1100. New York, Columbia University Press, 1959. https://doi.org/10.7312/anko91724

Chvolson, D. Achtzehn hebräische Grabschriften aus der Krim // Mémoires de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. VII sér., T. IX, № 7, 1865.

Ezer M., Shapira, Dan D. Y. Babalikashvili Inscriptions // Shapira Dan D. Y. (ed.). The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea). Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition (Hebr). Jerusalem, 2008.

Ezer M. Some Unique Tombstones and Inscriptions // Shapira Dan D. Y. (ed.). The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea). Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition (Hebr). Jerusalem, 2008.

Ezer M. The Gematria Dates on the Crimea Karaite Tombstone Inscriptions // Shapira Dan D. Y., Lasker D. J. (ed.). Eastern European Karaites in the Last Generations (Hebr). Jerusalem, 2011.

Fedorchuk A. New findings relating to Hebrew epigraphic sources from the Crimea, with an appendix on the readings in king Joseph’s letter // The world of the Khazars. Leiden, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004160422.i-460.20

Fedorchuk A., Shapira, Dan D. Y. The Tombstone Inscriptions NN 1–326 from the Book Avnei Zikkaron by Avraham Firkowicz According to their Authentic Texts and with their Real Dates: Preliminary Publications // Shapira D. D. Y., Lasker D. J. (ed.). Eastern European Karaites in the Last Generations (Hebr). Jerusalem, 2011.

Harkavy A. Altjudische Denkmaler aus der Krim, mitgeteilt von Abram Firkowitsch // Mémories de l’Académie Impériale des scien-ces de St.-Pétersbоurg. VII série. T. XXIV, No. 1. St.-Petersbоurg, 1876.

Philip E. Miller Karaite separatism in nineteen-century Russia: Josef Solomon Lutski’s Epistle of Israel’s Deliverence. Cincinatty, 1993.

Magdi, Shamuel. The Karaite Calendar: Sanctification of the New Moon by Sighting // Polliack, Meira Riva (ed) Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Source. Leiden – Boston, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294264_026

Shapira, Dan D. Y. Chwolsson, Firkowicz, and their Inscriptions // Shapira Dan D. Y. (ed.). The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea). Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition (Hebr). Jerusalem, 2008.

REFERENCES

Akchorakly O. (1929), “Staro-Krymskiye nadpisi (po raskopkam 1928 g.)”, Izvestiya Tavricheskogo obshchestva istorii, arkheologii i etnografii, V. 3, pp. 152–160. (In Russian).

Babalikashvili N. I. (1986), “O neskolkikh evreyskoyazychnykh karaimskikh epigraficheskikh pamyatnikakh iz Chufut-Kale”, Semitologicheskiye shtudii, V. 3, pp. 5–12. (In Russian).

Garkavi A. Ya. (1877), “Po voprosu o iudeyskikh drevnostyakh, naydennykh Firkovichem v Krymu”, Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, V. CXCII, No. 8, pp. 98–121. (In Russian).

Doneseniye akademikov Brosse, Kunika, Veliaminova-Zernova o sobranii rukopisey i drugikh drevnostey, predlozhennіkh gg. Firkovichami v prodazhu Imperatorskoy Publichnoy biblioteke, (1869). (In Russian).

[Kazas I. I.] (1911), “Obshchiye zametki o karaimakh”, Karaimskaya zhizn, № 3–4, pp. 37–71. (In Russian).

Kunik A. (1876), “Tokhtamysh i Firkovich”, Zapiski Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk, No. XXVII (add. № 3), V. 3, pp. 5–32. (In Russian).

Kokizov Yu. D. (1910), 44 nadgrobnykh pamyatnika iz Kryma s karaimskogo kladbishcha v Chufut-Kale i tridtsat dve nadpisi na pamyatnikakh s osobennym drevnim letoischisleniyem i kalendarem, Sankt-Peterburg. (In Russian).

Kokizov Yu. D. (1911), “V zashchitu pamyati A. Firkovicha”, Karaimskaya zhizn, № 7, pp. 52–62. (In Russian).

Kokizov. Yu. D. (1898), Karaimy: kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk. Balashov&C, Sankt-Peterburg. (In Russian).

Kokizov Yu. D. (1912), Karaimskiy kalendar: na 2200 let s 4001 po 6200 god po karaimskomu letoischisleniyu ili s 241 po 2400 god po rozhdestvo Khristovo. Lurje I., Sankt-Peterburg. (In Russian).

Kokizov Yu. D. (1911), “Novyye dokazatelstva protiv starykh obvineniy”, Karaimskaya zhizn, № 1, pp. 40–53. (In Russian).

Martyn M. M. (2010), “Karaimska epihrafika Krymu: problema kalendaria i veryfikatsiia pamiatok”, Ukrainska oriientalistyka, № 4–5, pp. 232–247. (In Ukrainian).

Firkovich A. (1872), Sefer Avne-Zikaron, Fin&Rosenkranz,Vilna. (In Hebrew).

Khvolson D. A. (1884), Sbornik evreyskikh nadpisey soderzhashchiy nadpisi iz Kryma i nadgrobnyye nadpisi iz inykh mest v drevnem evreyskom kvadratnom shrifte. Sankt-Peterburg. (In Russian).

Ankori, Zvi (1959), Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years, 970–1100. Columbia University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.7312/anko91724

Chvolson D. (1865), “Achtzehn hebräische Grabschriften aus der Krim”, Mémoires de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, VII sér., T. IX, № 7. (In German).

Ezer M. and Shapira Dan D. Y. (2008), “Babalikashvili Inscriptions”, The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea). Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, pp. 182–188. (In Hebrew).

Ezer M. (2008), “Some Unique Tombstones and Inscriptions”, The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea). Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, pp. 144–157. (In Hebrew).

Ezer M. (2011), “The Gematria dates on the Crimea Karaite Tombstone Inscriptions”, Eastern European Karaites in the Last Gene-rations, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, 2011, pp. 89–96. (In Hebrew).

Fedorchuk A. (2007), “New findings relating to Hebrew epigraphic sources from the Crimea, with an appendix on the readings in king Joseph’s letter”, The world of the Khazars, Brill, Leiden, pp. 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004160422.i-460.20

Fedorchuk A. and Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2011), “The Tombstone Inscriptions NN 1–326 from the Book Avnei Zikkaron by Avraham Firkowicz According to their Authentic Texts and with their Real Dates: Preliminary Publications”, Eastern European Karaites in the Last Generations, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, 2011, pp. 36–82. (In Hebrew).

Harkavy A. (1876), “Altjudische Denkmaler aus der Krim, mitgeteilt von Abram Firkowitsch”, Mémories de l’Académie Impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbоurg, VII série, T. XXIV, N 1.

Philip E. Miller (1993), Karaite separatism in nineteen-century Russia: Josef Solomon Lutski’s Epistle of Israel’s Deliverence, Jewish Theological Seminary, Cincinatty.

Magdi, Shamuel (2003). “The Karaite Calendar: Sanctification of the New Moon by Sighting”, Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Source, Brill, Leiden – Boston, pp. 591–629. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294264_026

Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2008), ”Chwolsson, Firkowicz, and their Inscriptions”, The Tombstones of the Cemetery of the Karaite Jews in Çufut-Qualʿeh (the Crimea), Report of the Ben-Zvi Institute Expedition, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, pp. 313–338. (In Hebrew).

Issue

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Abstract

How to Cite

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##