The development of the Ardabil Shrine endowments (Waqfs) in the First Quarter of the Sixteenth Century
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Abstract
The city of Ardabil acquired a position of major importance within the Safavid state founded by Shāh Ismāʿīl and experienced significant growth in the early 16th century. Its location along international trade routes, its status as the Safavid homeland, and its role as the burial place of Shaykh Ṣafī and other ancestors of the dynasty were among the principal factors shaping the city’s development. Although the endowments (waqfs) of the Shaykh Ṣafī Shrine in Ardabil experienced substantial expansion in the 14th century, the pace of new endowments slowed considerably during the 15th century; this trend was reversed in the first quarter of the 16th century, when the shrine entered a renewed phase of growth. Drawing on the official waqf registers entitled Ṣarīḥ al-Mulk preserved in the National Library of Iran (Nos 2734 and 7866-5), as well as archival documents housed in the National Museum of Iran (Nos 25705, 25706, 25707, and 25708), this article examines the development of the Shaykh Ṣafī Shrine waqfs during the reign of Shāh Ismāʿīl (1501–1524). In this context, 21 waqf records and archival documents have been examined, and a total of 88 properties transferred to the shrine endowments have been identified. The evidence indicates that during this period the shrine’s waqfs expanded through both purchases and donations. In addition to the Ardabil region, the waqfs increased in other areas of Iranian Azerbaijan – including Tabriz, Urmia, Marāgha, Garmrūd (Miyāna), Hashtrūd, Dehkharqān, Meshgīn, Khalkhāl, Tasūj, and Sarāb – as well as in Gīlān and in the vicinity of Tehran. The waqf properties consisted of villages, hamlets, agricultural fields, orchards, vineyards, mills, shops, workshops, and caravanserais.
How to Cite
Musalı, N. (2026). The development of the Ardabil Shrine endowments (Waqfs) in the First Quarter of the Sixteenth Century. The Oriental Studies, (97), 105–160. https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2026.97.105
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Keywords
Safavids, Shāh Ismāʿīl, Shaykh Ṣafī, Religious endowments, Urban and economic development
References
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Günay H. M. and Yediyıldız B. (2012), “Vakıf”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslām Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 42, pp. 475–86. (In Turkish).
Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi (2008), Vol. II/1, ed. Y. Dağlı and S. A. Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul. (In Turkish).
Heravī, Amīr Ṣadr al-Dīn İbrāhīm Amīnī (1383), Futūḥāt-i Shāhī, ed. M. R. Naṣīrī, Anjuman-i Āthār u Mafākhīr-i Farhangī, Tehran. (In Persian).
Hinz W. (1936), Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin und Leipzig.
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Lāhijī, ‘Alī b. Shams al-Dīn (1352), Tārīh-i Khānī, ed. M. Sotūda, Bonyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, Tehran. (In Persian).
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