Artemis–Bubastis–Bastet: the Place of the Figure of the Graeco-Egyptian Goddess and Her Two Components in the Religious Policy of the Ptolemies
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Abstract
In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists discovered a Ptolemaic temple dedicated to the syncretic goddess Bubastis (Artemis-Bastet) in Alexandria. This finding necessitates a reassessment of our understanding of the role of this goddess and of her two constituent aspects (Greek Artemis and Egyptian Bastet) in Ptolemaic propaganda. I’ve collected and preliminarily analyzed 35 instances in which Artemis, Bubastis, or Bastet appear in association with members of the Ptolemaic royal house (306–30 BC). The vast majority of these episodes rest on solid factual foundations; however, Ep. 3, 17–19, 22–23, and 32 are of a hypothetical nature. Based on this material, the following conclusions can be drawn. Contrary to the communis opinio, the cult of Artemis and Bastet, combined in the figure of Bubastis, played a significant (though not predominant) role in Ptolemaic propaganda. Activities related to the cult of Artemis–Bubastis–Bastet accompanied the Alexandrian dynasty from its founder, Ptolemy I, to its last representative, Cleopatra VII. While references to Artemis span the entire period of the dynasty’s rule, evidence for Bubastis and Bastet is confined to the 3rd–2nd centuries BC. In 17 cases, the initiative for these cultic activities came directly from the Ptolemies themselves; in 13, the Ptolemies were the explicit objects of religious actions connected to the cult of Artemis, Bubastis, or Bastet; and in 4 instances, not the Ptolemies but members of the royal entourage acted as subjects or objects of such cultic undertakings. Only one episode appears to have been purely incidental (Ep. 12). Overall, the goddess Artemis features independently in the majority of these episodes (23 instances). However, within Egypt, episodes involving Bubastis and/or Bastet outnumber those involving Artemis alone (12 versus 7). Outside the borders of Egypt, it is exclusively Artemis who figures in connection with the Ptolemies (6 times in the external Ptolemaic territories and 9 – beyond their control).
How to Cite
Zelinskyi, A. (2025). Artemis–Bubastis–Bastet: the Place of the Figure of the Graeco-Egyptian Goddess and Her Two Components in the Religious Policy of the Ptolemies. The Oriental Studies, (96), 3–54. https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2025.96.003
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Keywords
Artemis, Bubastis, Bastet, Ptolemies, Hellenism, ancient Greek religion, ancient Egyptian religion
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Schäfer D. (2011), Makedonische Pharaonen und hieroglyphische Stelen: historische Untersuchungen zur Satrapenstele und verwandten Denkmälern, Peeters, Leuven, Paris and Walpole (Ma).
Schmidt J. (1941), “Phosphoros (2–8)”, Pauly – Wissowa Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. XX, T. 1, pp. 654–56.
Sear D. R. (1975), Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. I, Seaby Publications Ltd., London.
Sewell-Lasater T. (2020), Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule, Diss. PhD, University of Houston, Houston.
Spier J. (1989), “A group of Ptolemaic engraved garnets”, The journal of The Walters Art Gallery, Vol. 47, pp. 21–38.
Sorensen L. W. (2009), “Artemis in Cyprus”, in T. Fischer-Hansen and B. Poulsen (eds), From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast, Museum Tusculanum Press; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, pp. 195–206.
Stephens S. (2003), Seeing Double. intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London.
Stephens S. (ed.) (2015), Callimachus. The Hymns, Oxford University Press, New York.
Świderkówna A. (1991), Bogowie zeszli z Olimpu. Bóstwo i Mit w greckiej Literaturze Świata hellenistycznego, Wiedza powszechna, Warszawa.
Thomas J. D. (1975), The epistrategos in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. Part 1: The Ptolemaic Epistrategos, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden.
Tondriau J. L. (1948), “Princesses ptolémaïques comparées ou identifiées à des déesses. IIIe–Ier siècles avant J.C.”, Bulletin de la Société royale d’archéologie d’Alexandrie, T. 37, pp. 12–33.
Tully J. (2012), Networks, Hegemony, and Multipolarity in the Hellenistic Cyclades, Dis. PhD., Princeton University, Princeton.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2007), The religious identification of Ptolemaic queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis, Dis. PhD., City University of New York, New York.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2015a), Berenice II Euergetis. Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2015b), “The Marriage of Eirene and Eunostus of Soli: An Episode in the Age of the Successors”, Athenaeum, No. 2, pp. 458–76.
van Oppen de Ruiter B. (2021), “Hellenistic Motifs in the Edfu Hoard”, in B. van Oppen de Ruiter and R. Wallenfels (eds), Hellenistic Sealings and Archives. Proceedings of the Edfu Connection, an International Conference, Brepols, Turnhout, pp. 51–77.
Vassileva M. (2001), “Further Considerations on the Cult of Kybele”, Anatolian Studies, V. 51, pp. 51–63.
Visser C. E. (1938), Götter und Kulte im ptolemäischen Alexandrien, Dis. Dr. Phil., N. V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-mij., Amsterdam.
von Wöss F. (1923), Das Asylwesen Ägyptens in der Ptolemäerzeit und die spätere Entwicklung, C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung Oskar Beck, München.
Weber G. (1993), Dichtung und höfische Gesellschaft. Die Rezeption von Zeitgeschichte am Hof der ersten drei Ptolemäer, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
Wilimowska J. (2020), “Sacred animal cult workers in the ptolemaic fayum”, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, Vol. 50, pp. 263–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36389/uw.jjurp.50.2020.pp.263-298
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Wilimowska J. (2020), “Sacred animal cult workers in the ptolemaic fayum”, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, Vol. 50, pp. 263–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36389/uw.jjurp.50.2020.pp.263-298