THE CRIMEAN WAR AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
The question of control over the Holy Lands was one of the most important political conflicts among the great powers by the middle of 19th century. Besides describing the Ottoman State as the sick man of Europe, Russia proposed a partitioning of Ottoman lands among the Great Powers. But France and Great Britain did not accept this proposal because they considered the integrity of the Ottoman State as necessary for their continued power. This political atmosphere conditioned the beginning of The Crimean War in which Britain, France and the Ottoman State were in a coalition against Russia. During three years of war, Great Britain, France and the Ottoman State, together for the first time on the same side, gained very different political and social experiences. Having been recognized by the Western powers as the “other” in terms of East/West civilization, the position of the Ottoman State as an ally and social entity in the eyes of Europeans was something quite new and original. On the other side of the coin, there were the Ottomans who began to recognize the West, and still see the West, as “unbeliever-infidels”. The mental transformation of the two civilizations that had established a direct relationship with each other during the Crimean War was clearly reflected in contemporary (i.e. 19th century) media sources. This paper aims to examine the Crimean War with the use of British, French and American newspapers. The sources for this study are the leading newspapers in their country: The Times, The Manchester Guardian, The Observer, Journal des Débats, La Presse, New York Daily Times, New York Daily Tribune, Hartford Daily Courant.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
American Newspapers, European, Ottoman Empire, The Crimean War
Acar, Kezban (2004), Resimlerle Rusya, Savaşlar ve Türkler, Ankara.
Besim Özcan (1998), “Kırım Harbi Sırasında Bazı Avrupalı Devlet Adamlarının Osmanlı Ülkesini Ziyaretleri (1854–1855)”, in OTAM, Vol. 9, Ankara. https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000272
“The Crimean War” (1855), in Hartford Daily Courant, 17 November.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1854), 10 December.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1855), 10 September.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1855), 18 January.
Journal Des Debats (1855), 10 September.
Journal Des Debats, 7 August 1854.
La Presse (1855), “On lit dans le Morning Post”, 22 July.
La Presse (1855), “Retour de la Garde et de Quatre Regimens de Ligne de L’armee de Crimée”, 29 December.
La Presse (1853), 13 December.
La Presse (1854), 15 December.
La Presse (1855), 20 September.
La Presse (1854), 21 October.
La Presse (1854), 9 December.
La Presse (1854), 9 December.
Lady Hornby (2007), Kırım Savaşında Istanbul, Istanbul.
New-York Daily Tribune (1856), “The Fall of Kars”, 8 April.
New-York Daily Tribune (1854), 27 November.
New York Daily Times (1855), “How Stands the Alliance between France and England now!”, 24 July.
New-York Daily Times (1854), 24 July.
New-York Daily Tribune (1855), “The State of Europe”, 9 August.
New-York Daily Tribune (1856), “Unfinished Business of the Peace Congress”, 12 May.
Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kırım Savaşı (2006), Ankara.
Palmer, Alan (1992), Son Üç Yüz Yıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Istanbul.
Temperly, Harold (1936), England and the Near East The Crimea, London.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “Crimean War at Glasgow”, 15 October.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), “Russia and Turkey”, 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea: The Siege of Sebastopol”, 3 January.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea: The Siege of Sebastopol”, 30 June.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea”, 26 October.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), “The Operations on the Circassian Coast”, 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Repulse of Russians at Kars”, 9 Kasım.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 10 February.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 15 December.
The Manchester Guardian (1856), 2 April.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 28 March.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 4 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 7 April.
The New York Times (1856), “Three Days Later From Europe”, 5 April.
The Observer (1855), 12 February.
The Observer (1854), “Despatches to Omar Pasha”, 2 October.
The Observer (1856), “The British Army is the Crimea: Destruction of Fort Alexander”, 2 March.
The Observer (1856), 14 January.
The Observer (1854), 2 October.
The Observer (1855), 7 January.
The Observer (1854), Siege Operations Before Sebastopol, 30 October.
The Times (1856), “Banquet to the Hon. Barrington Pellew”, 18 August.
The Times (1855), “Crimean Army Found”, 05 January.
The Times (1853), “Russia and Turkey, Public Meeting at Sheffield”, 22 Eylül.
The Times (1856), “The Russian Mercantile Navy”, 24 September.
The Times (1853), “Thoughts on a War Between Russia and Turkey”, From Neue Preußische Zeitung, 6 October.
The Times (1854), “Why Spare Odessa”, 21 November.
The Times (1853), 1 September.
The Times (1856), 16 May.
The Times (1853), 20 October.
The Times (1856), 7 Haziran.
Tyrrell, Henry (1855), The History of the War with Russia: Giving Full Details of the Operations of the Allied Armies, Vol. II, London.
REFERENCES
Acar, Kezban (2004), Resimlerle Rusya, Savaşlar ve Türkler, Ankara.
Besim Özcan (1998), “Kırım Harbi Sırasında Bazı Avrupalı Devlet Adamlarının Osmanlı Ülkesini Ziyaretleri (1854–1855)”, in OTAM, Vol. 9, Ankara. https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000272
“The Crimean War” (1855), in Hartford Daily Courant, 17 November.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1854), 10 December.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1855), 10 September.
Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (1855), 18 January.
Journal Des Debats (1855), 10 September.
Journal Des Debats, 7 August 1854.
La Presse (1855), “On lit dans le Morning Post”, 22 July.
La Presse (1855), “Retour de la Garde et de Quatre Regimens de Ligne de L’armee de Crimée”, 29 December.
La Presse (1853), 13 December.
La Presse (1854), 15 December.
La Presse (1855), 20 September.
La Presse (1854), 21 October.
La Presse (1854), 9 December.
La Presse (1854), 9 December.
Lady Hornby (2007), Kırım Savaşında Istanbul, Istanbul.
New-York Daily Tribune (1856), “The Fall of Kars”, 8 April.
New-York Daily Tribune (1854), 27 November.
New York Daily Times (1855), “How Stands the Alliance between France and England now!”, 24 July.
New-York Daily Times (1854), 24 July.
New-York Daily Tribune (1855), “The State of Europe”, 9 August.
New-York Daily Tribune (1856), “Unfinished Business of the Peace Congress”, 12 May.
Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kırım Savaşı (2006), Ankara.
Palmer, Alan (1992), Son Üç Yüz Yıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Istanbul.
Temperly, Harold (1936), England and the Near East The Crimea, London.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “Crimean War at Glasgow”, 15 October.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), “Russia and Turkey”, 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea: The Siege of Sebastopol”, 3 January.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea: The Siege of Sebastopol”, 30 June.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Crimea”, 26 October.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), “The Operations on the Circassian Coast”, 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), “The Repulse of Russians at Kars”, 9 Kasım.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 10 February.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 15 December.
The Manchester Guardian (1856), 2 April.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 28 March.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 4 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1854), 5 August.
The Manchester Guardian (1855), 7 April.
The New York Times (1856), “Three Days Later From Europe”, 5 April.
The Observer (1855), 12 February.
The Observer (1854), “Despatches to Omar Pasha”, 2 October.
The Observer (1856), “The British Army is the Crimea: Destruction of Fort Alexander”, 2 March.
The Observer (1856), 14 January.
The Observer (1854), 2 October.
The Observer (1855), 7 January.
The Observer (1854), Siege Operations Before Sebastopol, 30 October.
The Times (1856), “Banquet to the Hon. Barrington Pellew”, 18 August.
The Times (1855), “Crimean Army Found”, 05 January.
The Times (1853), “Russia and Turkey, Public Meeting at Sheffield”, 22 Eylül.
The Times (1856), “The Russian Mercantile Navy”, 24 September.
The Times (1853), “Thoughts on a War Between Russia and Turkey”, From Neue Preußische Zeitung, 6 October.
The Times (1854), “Why Spare Odessa”, 21 November.
The Times (1853), 1 September.
The Times (1856), 16 May.
The Times (1853), 20 October.
The Times (1856), 7 Haziran.
Tyrrell, Henry (1855), The History of the War with Russia: Giving Full Details of the Operations of the Allied Armies, Vol. II, London.