THE BATTLE OF KALKA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
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Abstract
Having been elected as emperor (qagan) in the great assembly (quriltai) of 1206 by all the Turkish and Mongolian tribes, Chinggis (also Ghengis, etc) (1206–1227) initiated far reaching conquests. First, he conquered the Northern China. After that he turned his attention to Eastern and then Western Turkestan; he conquered these lands one by one. The Mongol warriors did not stop after destroying the Muslim dynasty of Khorazm, and some of them under the command of the Mongol generals, Jebe and Sube’tei Baatur, and continued their way through those areas south and then west of the Caspian Sea heading the north. Firstly, they encountered with the Qipchaqs (Polovtsi) under the command of Yuri Konchekovich. When the Mongols defeated and killed this Qipchaq leader; their new leader, Kotian (Köten, Koten), appealed for help from his Russian son-in-law Mstislav Mstislavich the Daring, Prince of Galicia. Upon this request, all princes of Southern Russia held a military council in Kyiv and decided to wage a battle against the Mongols. When the Mongols learned that an alliance emerged between the Russians and the Qipchaqs, they wanted to prevent it. However, as they could not prevent this mutual action, their envoys were killed by the Russians. On Tuesday, May 23, 1223, the Russian vanguard crossed the Dnieper in boats and clashed with the Mongol scouts, who fled away and left their livestock behind. Not having realized that this was a ruse, the Russians and the Qipchaqs pursued the Mongols up to the River of Kalka. But the main Mongol forces were on the other side of the river. Mstislav Mstislavich, who was the commander-in-chief, without saying any word to the other commanders within the allied Russian-Qipchaq army, crossed the river and ordered his soldiers to attack on the Mongols. Upon this assault, the Mongols again fell back in a feigned retreat. In a suitable place for themselves, the Mongols turned their way to their enemies. The Russian army could not resist this sudden Mongol attack and the disorder, panic, and broken ranks soon meant the Russian army was routed. In a short time, a great part of the Russian army was killed and the remnants fled. The Mongols became victorious. This battle paved way to some important consequences. Among them, the Russians would not resist the future Mongol attacks. After the death of some of the Southern Russian princes in this battle, for a while, a political vacuum came into being in that area. In terms of the Qipchaqs, as they would not be a threat to the Russians any longer, they were obliged to migrate to the west. In this proceeding, all of these developments, which occurred before, during and after the battle, are examined in detail using exhaustive literature.
How to Cite
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Consequences, The Battle of Kalka
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.
REFERENCES
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.