THE MAIN APPROACHES OF SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF FEMALE EDUCATION IN MADRAS PRESIDENCY (1880-S – 1910-S)
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Abstract
The article analyzes the main approaches dealing with the problems of female education in Madras Presidency in the 1880-s – 1910-s, which are represented by the activity of Brahmo Samaj, Theosophical society and missionary organizations. The paper compares ideologies of these organizations and results of their activities in the question of education. The article studies the poorly investigated question – the circumstances under which a woman of the mentioned period got involved into the public sphere, and what is the role of the education in this process. Each approach exploits the Victorian concept of “separate spheres”, where the women are assigned to domestic sphere, while men are assigned to public sphere. All three approaches of solving the problems of female education are aimed to reform society by reconstructing the institution of family, where a woman acts as a medium and a “guardian” of moral values of home and civilization, carrying the responsibility for future generations. At the same time, in spite of the common ideological basis, each approach gives rise to the new, often unexpected social characters for women, which go beyond the boundaries of the “separate sphere”.
How to Cite
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Female Education, Madras Presidency (1880-s – 1910-s), Solving the Problems, The Main Approaches
Anjaneyulu D. Builders of Modern India: Kandukuri Veeresalingam. New-Delhi, 1976.
Besant A. The Story of the Great War. Some Lessons from the Mahabharata. London, 1899.
Besant A. Shri Rama Chandra: the Ideal King. Some Lessons from the Ramayana. Benares, London, 1905.
Besant A. The Changing World and Lectures to Theosophical Students. London, 1910.
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Evolution of Mrs. Besant: Life and Public Activities. Justice Printing Works. Madras, 1914.
Flood G. The Tantric Body: the Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion. London, 2006.
Hunter W. Report of the Indian Education Commission, 1881–1882. Calcutta, 1883.
Kannabiran K. Gender and Changing Social Values in Hinduism // Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. Oxford, 2004.
Kent E. Tamil Bible Women and the Zenana Missions of Colonial South India // History of Religions. Vol. 39, No. 2: Christianity in India. 1999.
Kent E. F. Converting women: gender and Protestant Christianity in colonial South India. New York, 2004.
Mantena R. S. Vernacular Publics and Political Modernity: Language and Progress in Colonial South India // Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 47, Issue 05, 2013.
Mosse D. Responding to Subordination: The Politics of Identity Change Among South Indian Untouchable Castes // Identity and Affect: Experiences of Identity in a Globalising World. London, 1999.
Progress of Education in India. Vol. I. 1917–1922. Calcutta, 1923.
Ramalakshmi P. Reform Movement in Godavari District (1878–1939). An Attempt To-Wards Social Justice. Ramachandrapuram, 1995.
Rani S. Women’s Worlds in the Novels of Kandukuri and Gilman. Comparative Literature and Culture. Purdue University Press, 2012.
Reddy I. Social Reform Movements in Andhra (1920–1947). Hyderabad, 1998.
Rice H. Native Life in South India. Madras, 1891.
Sharrock J. South Indian Missions. Westminster, 1910.
Shreenivas M. Emotion, Identity, and the Female Subject: Tamil Women’s Magazines in Colonial India, 1890–1940 // Journal of Women’s History. Vol. 14, No. 4, 2003.
Suguna B. Women’s Movements. New-Delhi, 2009.
Westcott A. Our Oldest Indian Mission: a Brief History of the Vepery (Madras) Mission / Madras Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1897.
REFERENCES
Anjaneyulu D. (1976), Builders of Modern India: Kandukuri Veeresalingam, New-Delhi.
Besant A. (1899), The Story of the Great War. Some Lessons from the Mahabharata, London.
Besant A. (1905), Shri Rama Chandra: the Ideal King. Some Lessons from the Ramayana, Benares, London.
Besant A. (1910), The Changing World and Lectures to Theosophical Students, London.
Besant A., An Autobiography, available at: http://archive.org/stream/anniebesantautob00besaiala#page/n7/mode/2up
Census of India, 1901 (1902), Madras.
Census of India, 1911 (1912), Vol. XII, Madras, Madras.
Census of India in Analysis and Criticism (1914), Madras.
Chaganti A. (1996), Dr. Annie Besant and Her Contribution to Society and Politics: 1893–1933, Hyderabad.
Chakravarti U. (1993), “Conceptualizing Brahmanical Purity in Early India: Gender, Caste, Class and State”, in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 28, No.14.
Evolution of Mrs. Besant: Life and Public Activities (1914), Justice Printing Works, Madras.
Flood G. (2006), The Tantric Body: the Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion, London. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755626304
Hunter W. (1883), Report of the Indian Education Commission, 1881–1882, Calcutta.
Kannabiran K. (2004), “Gender and Changing Social Values in Hinduism”, in Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice, Oxford.
Kent E. (1999), “Tamil Bible Women and the Zenana Missions of Colonial South India”, History of Religions, Vol. 39, No. 2, Christianity in India. https://doi.org/10.1086/463584
Kent E. F. (2004), Converting women: gender and Protestant Christianity in colonial South India, New York.
Mantena R. S. (2013), “Vernacular Publics and Political Modernity: Language and Progress in Colonial South India”, in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 47, Issue 05. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X12000212
Mosse D. (1999), “Responding to Subordination: The Politics of Identity Change Among South Indian Untouchable Castes”, in Identity and Affect: Experiences of Identity in a Globalising World, London.
Progress of Education in India (1923), Vol. I, 1917–1922, Calcutta.
Ramalakshmi P. (1995), Reform Movement in Godavari District (1878–1939). An Attempt To-Wards Social Justice, Ramachandrapuram.
Rani S. (2012), Women’s Worlds in the Novels of Kandukuri and Gilman. Comparative Literature and Culture, Purdue University Press. https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1963
Reddy I. (1998), Social Reform Movements in Andhra (1920–1947), Hyderabad.
Rice H. (1891), Native Life in South India, Madras.
Sharrock J. (1910), South Indian Missions, Westminster.
Shreenivas M. (2003), “Emotion, Identity, and the Female Subject: Tamil Women’s Magazines in Colonial India, 1890–1940”, Journal of Women’s History, Vol. 14, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0016
Suguna B. (2009), Women’s Movements, New-Delhi.
Westcott A. (1897), Our Oldest Indian Mission: a Brief History of the Vepery (Madras) Mission, Madras Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.