OVERSEAS CHINESE IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
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Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, due to many reasons from China and international circumstance, hundreds of thousand of Chinese had to leave their homeland to arrive to many countries in the world for inhabitation and livelihoods. Among the countries, the United States is one of the most attractive destinations to the Chinese. During their immigration and living in the United States, the Chinese have many important contributions to the development of the country. However, they also adversely influenced to the socioeconomic circumstance of the United States. Besides the introduction and conclusion, this article tries to enhance our understanding of the overseas Chinese in the United States by focusing on the two main parts: the first part introduces an outline of the immigration process, the immigration reasons and the characteristics of the overseas Chinese immigration in the United States. The second part analyses the contributions and limitations of the Chinese in the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century.
How to Cite
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Overseas Chinese in the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century
Ahmad D. L. The opium debate and Chinese exclusion laws in the nineteenth century American West. University of Nevada Press, USA, 2007.
Brook T., Wakabayashi B. T. Opium regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. University of California Press, USA, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520220096.001.0001
Cassel S. L. The Chinese in America: A history from Golden Mountain to the New Millennium. AltaMira Press, USA, 2002.
Chan S. This bittersweet soil (The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910). University of California Press, USA, 1989.
Chen Y. Chinese San Francisco 1850–1943: a trans-Pacific community. Stanford University Press, USA, 2000.
Cheng L., Bonacich E. Labor immigration under capitalism: Asian workers in the United States before World War II. University of California Press, USA, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520317819
Courtwright D. T. Dark paradise-a history of opiate addiction in America. Harvard University Press, USA, 2001.
Dickens Ch. Household words – A weekly journal, vol. XVII (from December 19th, 1857 to June 12th, 1858). London, 1858.
Ember M, Ember C. R., Skoggard I. A. Encyclopedia of diaspora: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., USA, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4
Jupp J. The Australia people. Cambridge University Press, Australia, 2001.
Laurie C. D., Cole R. H. The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders 1877–1945. Government Printing Office, USA, 1997.
Lawrence S., Davies P. An archaeology of Australia since 1788. Springer, USA, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7485-3
McCain Ch. J. The search of equality: the Chinese struggle against discrimination in nineteenth century America. University of California Press, 1994.
Ownby D., Heidhues M. F. S. “Secret Societies” reconsidered: perspectives on the social history of modern south China and Southeast Asia. M. E. Sharpe, USA, 1993.
Quinn D. M. Same-sex dynamics among nineteenth century-Americans. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, USA, 1996.
Soennichsen J. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 2011.
REFERENCES
Ahmad D. L. (2007), The opium debate and Chinese exclusion laws in the nineteenth century American West, University of Nevada Press, USA.
Brook T. and Wakabayashi B. T. (2000), Opium regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952, University of California Press, USA. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520220096.001.0001
Cassel S. L. (2002), The Chinese in America: A history from Golden Mountain to the New Millennium, AltaMira Press, USA.
Chan S. (1989), This bittersweet soil (The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910), University of California Press, USA.
Chen Y. (2000), Chinese San Francisco 1850–1943: a trans-Pacific community, Stanford University Press, USA.
Cheng L. and Bonacich E. (1984), Labor immigration under capitalism: Asian workers in the United States before World War II, University of California Press, USA. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520317819
Courtwright D. T. (2001), Dark paradise-a history of opiate addiction in America, Harvard University Press, USA.
Dickens Ch. (1858), Household words – A weekly journal, Vol. XVII (from December 19th, 1857 to June 12th, 1858), London.
Ember M., Ember C. R., and Skoggard I. A. (2005), Encyclopedia of diaspora: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world, Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4
Jupp J. (2001), The Australia people, Cambridge University Press, Australia.
Laurie Cl. D. and Ronald H. Cole (1997), The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders 1877–1945, Government Printing Office, USA.
Lawrence S. and Davies P. (2010), An archaeology of Australia since 1788, Springer, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7485-3
McCain Ch. J. (1994), The search of equality: the Chinese struggle against discrimination in nineteenth century America, University of California Press.
Ownby D. and Heidhues M. F. S. (1993), “Secret Societies” reconsidered: perspectives on the social history of modern south China and Southeast Asia, M. E. Sharpe, USA.
Quinn D. M. (1996), Same-sex dynamics among nineteenth century-Americans, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, USA.
Soennichsen J. (2011), The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA.