“Дари, гідні його імені”: матеріальні аспекти дипломатичних обмінів між Сефевідами та Моголами
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Анотація
Дарування подарунків було загальноприйнятою практикою в ранньомодерних дипломатичних контекстах. Обмін подарунками становив невід’ємну та важливу частину дипломатії Сефевідів і Моголів. Незважаючи на випадкові спалахи ворожнечі, стосунки між Моголами та Сефевідами в основному відзначалися згодою та повагою до життєвоважливих інтересів один одного. Протягом шістнадцятого та сімнадцятого століть правителі держав Сефевідів і Великих Моголів обмінювалися незліченними подарунками. Роль подарунків у їхніх дипломатичних зустрічах особливо очевидна як із численних згадок у місцевих хроніках, так і з реакції правителів на пропоновані їм дари. Сефевіди та Моголи розглядали обмін дипломатичними подарунками як питання політичного значення, використовуючи їх, щоб впливати на дипломатичні відносини між своїми державами. Подарунки супроводжували посольства, які відправлялися з різними цілями, включаючи, але не обмежуючись, привітання зі сходженням на престол, висловлення співчуття, інформування контрагента про перемоги, доставку “листа перемог” або участь у святі обрізання. Відображення культурної спорідненості та тісних зв’язків між цими двома державами виявлялося та матеріалізувалося в ретельно відібраних подарунках. Дарування завжди було важливою темою в галузі антропології з моменту публікації соціолога Марселя Мосса “Есе про подарунки” 1925 р. Хоча наявна історіографія відзначає важливу роль дарування подарунків у встановленні дипломатичних та економічних відносин, мало було зроблено для вивчення історії відносин Сефевідів і Моголів з точки зору матеріальної культури. Вони в основному аналізувалися через призму політичних відносин, і, відповідно, обмін дарами зазвичай обговорювався як частина більшої теми дипломатичних відносин між двома державами. Спираючись на сучасні хроніки Сефевідів і Моголів, а також на європейські подорожні нотатки, пропонована стаття намагається дослідити, як функціонував обмін подарунками в дипломатичних відносинах між цими державами.
Як цитувати
Гулієв, А. (2025). “Дари, гідні його імені”: матеріальні аспекти дипломатичних обмінів між Сефевідами та Моголами. Сходознавство, (96), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2025.96.105
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Ключові слова
Сефевіди, Імперія Великих Моголів, відносини Сефевідів і Великих Моголів, дипломатія доби раннього нового часу, дипломатичні подарунки, дарування подарунків, XVI–XVII століття
Посилання
Unpublished primary sources
BL = British Library (London).
I.O.Islamic 379 – Tahmāsnāma.
Or. 3482 – Nusha-yi jamiayi murasalat- iulu’ul-albab by Abul Qasim Ev-oglu.
Ms. Add. 7690.
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Malecka A. (1999), “Solar Symbolism of the Mughal Thrones. A Preliminary Note”, Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 24–32.
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Narayanan D. (2015), Cultures of Food and Gastronomy in Mughal and post-Mughal India, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg.
Nasiri M. I. (1994), Dastur-i shahriyaran, edited by M. N. Nasiri, Muqaddam, Tehran. (In Persian).
Niẓām al-Dīn A. Kh. (1939), The Tabaqāt-i-Akbarī of Khwājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: A History of India from the Early Musalman Invasions to the Thirty-sixth Year of the Reign of Akbar, translated by Brajendranath De, Vol. 2, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
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Saqi M. K. (1947), Maāsir-i-ʻālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻĀlamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.), by Sarkar Jadunath (trans.), Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
Simpson M. S. (2011), “Gifts for the Shah: An Episode in Habsburg-Safavid Relations during the Reigns of Philip III and ʾAbbas I”, in L. Komaroff (ed.), Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving in Islamic Courts, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 124–39.
Spuhler F. (1986), “Carpets and Textiles”, in P. Jackson, S. I. Grossman, L. Lockhart (eds), Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 698–727.
Szuppe M. (2003), “Status, Knowledge, and Politics: Women in Sixteenth-Century Safavid Iran”, in G. Nashat and L. Beck (eds.), Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, pp. 140–69.
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BL = British Library (London).
I.O.Islamic 379 – Tahmāsnāma.
Or. 3482 – Nusha-yi jamiayi murasalat- iulu’ul-albab by Abul Qasim Ev-oglu.
Ms. Add. 7690.
Bibliography
Ackerman Ph. (1934), “A Biography of Ghiyath the Weaver”, Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 9–13.
Ain-i-Akbari of Abul Fazl-i-ʻAllami (1949), translated by H. S. Jarrett, Vol. 2, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
Aʿlam H. (2001), “Golāb”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 11, Fasc. 1, pp. 58–9, available at: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golab (accessed 27 November 2024).
Anderson C. (2016), “Material Mediators: Johan Maurits, Textiles, and the Art of Diplomatic Exchange”, Journal of Early Modern History, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 63–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342489
Asgarpanah J. (2012), “Phytopharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Salix Aegyptiaca L.”, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 11, No. 28, pp. 7145–50.
Bernier F. (1916), Travels in the Mogul Empire: A. D. 1656–1668, translated by A. Constable, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, London.
Bruyn C. de. (1737), Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and Part of the East-Indies: Containing, an Accurate Description of Whatever is Most Remarkable in Those Countries, Printed for A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, S. Birt, et al., London.
Casale S. A. (2023), Gifts in the Age of Empire: Ottoman-Safavid Cultural Exchange, 1500–1639, University of Chicago Press, London and Chicago, IL.
Casale S. A. (2024), “Mumia: Luxury Between Art and Medicine in Safavid Iran and Ottoman Turkey”, Journal of Early Modern History, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 473–86.
Chardin J.(1711), Voyages de monsieur le chevalier Chardin, en Perse, et autrelieux de l’Orient, Vol. 8, Chez Jean Louis de Lorme, Amsterdam.
Della Valle P. (1843), Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino descritti da lui divisi in tre parti cioè: la Turchia, la Persia e l’India, colla vita e ritratto dell’autore, Vols 1–2, G. Gancia, Brighton.
Edwards C. (1915–1917), “Relations of Shah Abbas the Great of Persia with the Mogul Emperors Akbar and Jahāngir”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 35, pp. 247–68.
Eilers W. and Aʿlam H. (1989), “BĪD”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 4, Fasc. 3, pp. 236–40, available at: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bid-willow-genus-salix-l (accessed 12 December 2024).
Esin E. (1969), “Turkic and Il-Khanid Universal Monarch Representations and the Cakravartin”, in XXV Congress of Orientalists, Vol. 2, New Delhi, pp. 84–132.
Farhat M. (2014), “Shiʻi Piety and Dynastic Legitimacy: Mashhad under the Early Safavid Shahs”, Iranian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 201–16. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.860323
Farimani E. M. (2023), “The decrees issued by Safavid Shah Abbas I regarding the Ali ibn Musa al-Reza’s (AS) Holy Shrine”, Journal of Safavid Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1–12.
Farooqi N. R. (1989), Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748, Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Delhi.
Floor W. (2000), The Economy of Safavid Persia, Reichert, Wiesbaden.
Gulbadan Begum (1902), The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāma), translated by A. S. Beveridge, The Royal Asiatic Society, London.
Guliyev A. (2022), Safavids in Venetian and European Sources, 1st ed., Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venice. DOI: http://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-592-6
Guliyev A. (2023), “ ‘Giving What They Hold Dear’: Safavid Diplomatic Gifts to Venice”, Diplomatica, No. 1 (5), pp. 24–45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-bja10079
Guliyev A. (2024a), “ ‘A Brother’s Portion’: Regifted and Requested Items in Safavid–Mughal Diplomatic Gift Exchanges”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 515–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2024.00425
Guliyev A. (2024b), “Safavid–Mughal diplomatic encounters through the eyes of Italian and European travellers”, Orientalia Antiqua et Nova, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 167–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48255/ORIENTALIA.1.2024.13
Herbert T. (1929), Travels in Persia (1627–1629), edited by W. Foster, M. Robert, McBride & Co, New York.
Ināyat Khān (1990), The Shah Jahan Nama of ‘Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A. R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777), edited by W. E. Begley and Z. A. Desai, Oxford University Press, Delhi, New York.
Islam R. (1970), Indo-Persian Relations; a Study of Political and Diplomatic Relations between the Mughal Empire and Iran, Iranian Cultural Foundation, Tehran.
Islam R. (1979–1982), A Calendar of Documents on Indo-Persian Relations, 1500–1750, Vols 1–2, Iranian Cultural Foundation, Tehran; Institute of Central and West Asian Studies, Karachi.
Junabadi M. B. (1999), Rawzat al-Safawiyya, edited by G. R. Tabataba’i-Majd, Bunyad-i mawqufat-i Afshar, Tehran. (In Persian).
Kuiper K. (ed.) (2010), Islamic Art, Literature, and Culture (The Islamic World), Britannica Educational Publishing, New York.
Lahori A. H. (1868), Badshahnama, edited by K. A. Maulavi and A. R. Maulavi, Vols 1–2, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. (In Persian).
Laufer B. (1925), Ivory in China, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL.
Littlefield S. (1999), The Object in the Gift: Embassies of Jahangir and Shah Abbas, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
Malecka A. (1999), “Solar Symbolism of the Mughal Thrones. A Preliminary Note”, Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 24–32.
Manucci N. (1907), Storia do Mogor: or Mogul India, 1653–1708, translated by W. Irvine, Vols 1–2, John Murray, London.
Mauss M. (1925), “Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés archaïques”, L’Année Sociologique, No. 1, pp. 30–186.
Munshi I. B. (1978), History of Shah ‘Abbas the Great (Tārīk-e Ālamārā-ye ‘Abbāsī), translated by Savory R. M.,Vols 1–3, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Munshi I. B. and Isfahani M. Y. (1938), Zayl-i tarikh-iʿalam-ara-yiʿAbbasi, edited by Khansari S., Kitabfurushi-i Islamiyyah, Tehran. (In Persian).
Narayanan D. (2015), Cultures of Food and Gastronomy in Mughal and post-Mughal India, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg.
Nasiri M. I. (1994), Dastur-i shahriyaran, edited by M. N. Nasiri, Muqaddam, Tehran. (In Persian).
Niẓām al-Dīn A. Kh. (1939), The Tabaqāt-i-Akbarī of Khwājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: A History of India from the Early Musalman Invasions to the Thirty-sixth Year of the Reign of Akbar, translated by Brajendranath De, Vol. 2, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
Peçevi İ. E. (1982), Peçevi Tarihi, edited by Baykal, B. S., Vol. 2, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara. (In Turkish).
Qaddūmī Gh. Ḥ. (1996), Book of Gifts and Rarities (Kitāb al-Hadāyā wa al-Tuḥaf): Selections Compiled in the Fifteenth Century from an Eleventh-Century Manuscript on Gifts and Treasures, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Qandhari M. A. (1993), Tarikh-і-Akbari, translated by T. Ahmad, Pragati Publications, Delhi.
Rahim A. (1934–1935), “Mughal Relations with Persia: Babur to Aurangzeb”, Reprinted from Islamic Culture VIII & IX, Department of History Muslim University, Aligarh.
Roe T. (1926), The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India, 1615–1619: As Narrated in his Journal and Correspondence, by W. Foster (ed.), Humphrey Milford, London.
Rosenthal F. (1986), “Hiba”, in B. Lewis, V. L. Ménage, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht (eds), Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, E. J. Brill, Leiden, London, pp. 342b–344a.
Saqi M. K. (1947), Maāsir-i-ʻālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻĀlamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.), by Sarkar Jadunath (trans.), Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.
Simpson M. S. (2011), “Gifts for the Shah: An Episode in Habsburg-Safavid Relations during the Reigns of Philip III and ʾAbbas I”, in L. Komaroff (ed.), Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving in Islamic Courts, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 124–39.
Spuhler F. (1986), “Carpets and Textiles”, in P. Jackson, S. I. Grossman, L. Lockhart (eds), Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 698–727.
Szuppe M. (2003), “Status, Knowledge, and Politics: Women in Sixteenth-Century Safavid Iran”, in G. Nashat and L. Beck (eds.), Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, pp. 140–69.
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