Сучасна політика щодо акомодації транснаціонального Ісламу в західній Європі: успіхи і невдачі мусульманських репрезентативних структур
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Анотація
Стаття присвячена проблемі участі держави у створенні представницьких парасолькових структур для мусульман у Західній Європі, починаючи з 1970-х років. Базуючись на широкому спектрі попередніх досліджень, офіційних документах і повідомленнях ЗМІ, це дослідження пропонує загальний огляд поточного стану зазначеного питання у п’ятнадцяти європейських країнах із різними моделями церковно-державних відносин та різними розмірами мусульманських меншин. На найбільш базовому рівні стаття демонструє, що вибір державної політики в цій сфері радше був детермінований поєднанням об’єктивних і суб’єктивних факторів, що домінують у кожному конкретному контексті, а не певною загальноєвропейською парадигмою, яка ґрунтується на принципах секулярності. Щодо цього дуже показовим є те, що близькі соціально-політичні, релігійні чи культурні бекграунди певних суспільств не привели автоматично до розгортання в них подібних стратегій адаптації ісламу через формування єдиних репрезентативних центрів. І навпаки, країни з відмінними державно-церковними устроями, але схожими політичними мотиваціями часто застосовують подібні підходи до вирішення цієї проблеми. Щоб проілюструвати це, у статті виділено три основні категорії випадків відповідно до рівня участі держави та рівня успіху суб’єктів парасолькового типу у виконанні ними визначених завдань посередництва між мусульманськими громадами та владою. Загалом, основний аргумент цієї статті полягає в тому, що, незважаючи на деякі початкові оптимістичні оцінки цих процесів у науковій літературі, з погляду середини 2020-х років, політику безпосереднього державного втручання у “природну” динаміку інституціоналізації мусульманських меншин навряд чи можна розглядати як ефективний засіб управління сутнісно транснаціональною природою європейського ісламу як конгломерату різноманітних – що часто конфліктують між собою – теологічних, культурних і політичних орієнтацій.
Як цитувати
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іслам, мусульмани, Західна Європа, інституціоналізація, держава
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