Від біженців до державності: Сполучені Штати Америки і формування Ізраїлю (1945–1948)
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Анотація
Стаття аналізує еволюцію політики Сполучених Штатів Америки щодо єврейських біженців у контексті повоєнної трансформації міжнародної системи та формування нових геополітичних реалій на Близькому Сході. Особлива увага приділяється переходу від реакції на гуманітарну кризу єврейських переміщених осіб до стратегічної дипломатичної підтримки єврейського державотворчого проєкту. Центральне місце посідають результати місії Ерла Гаррісона (1945) та президентська директива Гаррі С. Трумена від 22 грудня 1945 року, які позначили відхід від обмежувальної імміграційної політики та задали вектор подальших дій американської адміністрації. У статті розкривається механізм організації нелегальної міграції євреїв із Центрально-Східної Європи до американської зони окупації та далі – до Палестини. Особливо наголошено на ролі сіоністських структур, співпраці з єврейськими благодійними організаціями та сприянні влади Чехословаччини й СРСР у цьому процесі. Значну увагу приділено англо-американському діалогу щодо майбутнього Палестини, аналізуються причини провалу плану Моррісона-Грейді та Комітету з вивчення єврейського питання. Внаслідок розгляду зазначених подій простежується, як “палестинське питання” набуло міжнародного виміру та призвело до ухвалення Резолюції № 181 Генеральної Асамблеї ООН у листопаді 1947 року. Автор доводить, що єврейські біженці постали не лише як об’єкт гуманітарної підтримки, а й як інструмент реалізації нової геополітичної конфігурації Близького Сходу. Американська політика щодо переміщених осіб стала одним із ключових чинників у процесі визнання права єврейського народу на власну державу в умовах глобального перегляду післявоєнного світового порядку.
Як цитувати
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адміністрація Трумена, англо-американська дипломатія, біженці, Близький Схід, єврейська міграція, палестинське питання, переміщені особи; сіонізм
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