THE WORD SLKWN IN THE MIDDLE PERSIAN TEXT OF DRAXT-Ī-ĀSŪRĪG
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Abstract
The present study deals with the discussion about the word slkwn in the Middle Persian text of Draxt-ī-Āsūrīg. Scholars which examined the text were unsuccessful in recognition of the origin and derivation of the word and were misled into making corrections of the form based on the sentence context and giving equivalents of “head downwards / headlong” (سرنگون – واژگون in Persian) in the translation of the word. This study indicates that the word is now used in some languages and dialects belonging to Northwestern Iranian languages (Talysh, Tati of Khalkhal, Gilaki, and dialect of Damavandi) and is observed in some Persian documents including some couplets of Naser Khosrow, an ancient Persian text belonging to the 15th century AD, Borhān-e qāte, and Rashidi Dictionary as well as a well-known story in Persian dialect of the south of Khorasan. The evidence shows clearly that the exact meaning of the word is “سروته” in Persian as “upside-down” and contrary to prior scholars’ opinion. Thus, the word has been written correctly and needs no correction.
How to Cite
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Draxt-ī-Āsūrīg, Early New Persian, Middle Persian, Parthian, Talysh
Asha R., “The verbal contest between a goat and a Babylonian date-palm”, available at: http://www.rahamasha.net (accessed 10 March 2021).
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Dehxodā A. A. (1998), Loqat-nāme-ye Dehxodā [Dehxodā Dictionary], University of Tehran publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Jamasp-Asana J. D. M. (ed.) (1913), Corpus of Pahlavi Texts, Vol. 2, Bombay Fort, Bombay.
Maciuszak K. (2003), “Some new lexical observation on the Draxt ī Āsūrīg (the Assyrian tree)”, Iranica Selecta, Studies in Honour of Prof. W. Skalmowski, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, pp. 159–66.
MacKenzie D. N. (1971), A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, Oxford University Press, London.
Me’rāji Lerd J. (2009), Farhang-e Mowzui-ye Tāti be Fārsi [A Thematic Lexicon of Tāti], Bolur publisher, Rasht. (In Persian).
Mohammad Hoseyn Ibn Xalaf Tabrizi (1342), Loqat-nāme-ye Borhān-e Qāte’ [Dictionary of Borhān-e Qāte’], ed. by Mohammad-e Moin, Sina publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Navvābi M. (2007), Manzume-ye Draxt Āsūrīg, Fravahar publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Nāser Xosrow (2014), Divān-e aš’ār-e hakim Nāser Xosrow Qobādiyāni bar qadimtarin nosxe-ye xatti-ye maktub be sāl-e 736, ed. by Mojtabā Minuvi and Mahdi Mohaqqeq, University of Tehrān publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
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Resālehā-ye Tirandāzi (2018), Dah Resāle dar Tirandāzi o Kamāndāri o Jangāvari [Ten Treatises on the Shooting and Archery and Warfare], ed. by Mehrān Afšāri, Farzād Moravveji, Cheshme publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Sabzalipur J. (2015), Ganjine-ye guyešhā-ye irāni (Tāti-ye Khalkhāl) [A Treasury of Iranian Dialects (Tāti of Khalkhāl)], The Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Tehran. (In Persian).
Shaki M. (1975), “Observation on the Draxt ī asūrīg”, Archív Orientální, No. 43, pp. 64–75.
Tafażżolī A. (1995), “Draxt ī Āsūrīg”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 5, Iranica Foundation, Columbia University, New York, pp. 547–9.
Tafażżolī A. (2010), Tārix-e adabiyāt-e piš az Eslām [Pre Islamic History of literature], Sokhan publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Tatavi, Abdulrašid (1958), Farhang-e Rašidi [Lexicon of Rašidi], edited by Mohammad Abbāsi, Bārāni publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Teymurifar A. (1983), Guyeš-e Damāvandi [Damāvandi Dialect], Tehran. (In Persian).
Unvala J. M. (1923), “Draxt i Asūrīk”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 637–78.
REFERENCES
Asha R., “The verbal contest between a goat and a Babylonian date-palm”, available at: http://www.rahamasha.net (accessed 10 March, 2021).
Bartholomae Chr. (1922), Zur Kenntnis der mitteliranischen Mundarten, IV, Sb. der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Kl., Abh., Heidelberg.
Bahār M. T. (2012), Sabkšenāsi, Amir Kabir publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Benveniste E. (1930), “Le texte du Draxt Āsūrīk et la versification Pehlevi”, Journal Asiatique, T. 218, pp. 193–225.
Brunner Ch. J. (1980), “The Fable of the Babylonian Tree”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, pp. 197–202, 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1086/372829
Dāei-al-Esalām M. A. (1983), Farhang-e Nezām [Nezām Dictionary], Fārus-e Irān publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Dehxodā A. A. (1998), Loqat-nāme-ye Dehxodā [Dehxodā Dictionary], University of Tehran publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Jamasp-Asana J. D. M. (ed.) (1913), Corpus of Pahlavi Texts, Vol. 2, Bombay Fort, Bombay.
Maciuszak K. (2003), “Some new lexical observation on the Draxt ī Āsūrīg (the Assyrian tree)”, Iranica Selecta, Studies in Honour of Prof. W. Skalmowski, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, pp. 159–66. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.SRS-EB.4.00136
MacKenzie D. N. (1971), A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, Oxford University Press, London.
Me’rāji Lerd J. (2009), Farhang-e Mowzui-ye Tāti be Fārsi [A Thematic Lexicon of Tāti], Bolur publisher, Rasht. (In Persian).
Mohammad Hoseyn Ibn Xalaf Tabrizi (1342), Loqat-nāme-ye Borhān-e Qāte’ [Dictionary of Borhān-e Qāte’], ed. by Mohammad-e Moin, Sina publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Navvābi M. (2007), Manzume-ye Draxt Āsūrīg, Fravahar publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Nāser Xosrow (2014), Divān-e aš’ār-e hakim Nāser Xosrow Qobādiyāni bar qadimtarin nosxe-ye xatti-ye maktub be sāl-e 736, ed. by Mojtabā Minuvi and Mahdi Mohaqqeq, University of Tehrān publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Oryān S. (2015), Motun-e Pahlavi [Pahlavi Texts], Elmi publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Rafie A. (2007), Loqat-nāme-ye Tāleši [Dictionary of Tāleši], University of Guilān publisher, Guilān. (In Persian).
Resālehā-ye Tirandāzi (2018), Dah Resāle dar Tirandāzi o Kamāndāri o Jangāvari [Ten Treatises on the Shooting and Archery and Warfare], ed. by Mehrān Afšāri, Farzād Moravveji, Cheshme publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Sabzalipur J. (2015), Ganjine-ye guyešhā-ye irāni (Tāti-ye Khalkhāl) [A Treasury of Iranian Dialects (Tāti of Khalkhāl)], The Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Tehran. (In Persian).
Shaki M. (1975), “Observation on the Draxt ī asūrīg”, Archív Orientální, No. 43, pp. 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1975.tb09013.x
Tafażżolī A. (1995), “Draxt ī Āsūrīg”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 5, Iranica Foundation, Columbia University, New York, pp. 547–9.
Tafażżolī A. (2010), Tārix-e adabiyāt-e piš az Eslām [Pre Islamic History of literature], Sokhan publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Tatavi, Abdulrašid (1958), Farhang-e Rašidi [Lexicon of Rašidi], edited by Mohammad Abbāsi, Bārāni publisher, Tehran. (In Persian).
Teymurifar A. (1983), Guyeš-e Damāvandi [Damāvandi Dialect], Tehran. (In Persian).
Unvala J. M. (1923), “Draxt i Asūrīk”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 637–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00088145