БИТВА НА КАЛЦІ ТА ЇЇ НАСЛІДКИ
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Анотація
Після обрання каганом на великому курултаї 1206 р. усіма тюркськими та монгольськими племенами, Чингіз (1206–1227) вирушив у далекі походи. Насамперед довоювавши Північний Китай, він зосередив увагу на східному та західному Туркестані та отримував одну перемогу за іншою, не зупинившись навіть після падіння монгольської династії Хорезма. Під проводом Джебе та Субедей-Багатура монголи просувалися південніше та західніше Каспію у північному напрямку. Вони наштовхнулись на половців – кипчаків на чолі з Юрієм Кончаковичем. Коли монголи повоювали та вбили цього кипчацького лідера, новий їхній ватажок Котян попросив по допомогу руського зятя Мстислава Мстиславовича Галицького. Питання обговорювалося на великому віче у Києві, і було вирішено вийти проти монголів. Дізнавшись про укладання половецько-руського союзу, монголи надіслали своїх послів, яких у Києві було вбито. 23 травня 1223 р. руський авангард перейшов Дніпро на човнах, наштовхнувшись на передовий загін монголів, які втечею заманили руських у пастку. Обдурені русичі та половці переслідували ворога до річки Калка, тоді як основне монгольське військо знаходилось по той бік річки. Не кажучи ні слова своїм руським та половецьким союзникам, Мстислав Мстиславич переправився через річку та наказав наступати, монголи знов відступили, і лише у найбільш вигідному стратегічно місці несподівано напали. Руське військо втратило змогу чинити опір і було наголову розбите. Означена битва мала неабиякі наслідки, адже русичі стали нездатні чинити монголам опір у подальших звитягах, після загибелі у цій битві деяких південноруських князів виник політичний вакуум, а кипчаки більше не являли для русичів загрози, змушені відкочувати на захід.
Як цитувати
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Битва на Калці, наслідки
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.
REFERENCES
Aknerli Grigor (2007), Okçu Milletin Tarihi, Transl. by Hrand D. Andreasyan, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul.
Barthold, V. V. (1990), Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, Hakkı Dursun Yıldız (уd.), TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Barthold, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler, yay. haz. Kazım Yaşar Kopraman, İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Biran, Michal (2005), The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Boyle, J. A. (2007), “Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans”, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Vol. V, J. A. Boyle (ed.), Sixth Printing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
Cherepnin, L. V. (1977), “Mongolo-Tatary Na Rusi (XIII v.)”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 186–209.
Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (1999), Tarih-i Cihangüşa, Transl. by. Mürsel Öztürk, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
D’Ohsson and M. Baron C. (2006), Moğol Tarihi, Transl. by Ekrem Kalan and Qiyas Şükürov, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Dimnik, Martin (2003), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511496479
Grekov, B. D. and A. Yu. Yakubovskii (1950), Zolotaia Orda i ee Padenie, Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad. (In Russian).
Grousset, René (2002), The Empire of Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 8th paperback printing, Transl. by Naomi Walford, Rutgers, New Jersey.
Gudzii, Nikolai Kallinikovich (1949), History of Early Russian Literature, Transl. by from the Russian, Susan Wilbur Jones (ed.), Introd. by Gleb Struve, Macmillan Company, New York.
Gumilёv, L. N. (2003), Eski Ruslar ve Büyük Bozkır Halkları, Vol. II, Transl. by Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
Halperin, Charles J. (2000), “The Qipchaq Connection: the Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut’”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, University of London, pp. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00007205
Hartog, Leo de (2004), Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, I. B. Tauris, New York.
İbnü’l-Esir (2008), İslam Tarihi: El-Kamil Fi’t-Tarih, Vol. X, Hikmet Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Jackson, Peter (2005), “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered”, Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Ed.), Brill, Leiden, Boston, pp. 245–290.
Kafalı, Mustafa (1976), Altın Orda Hanlığı’nın Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Devirleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
Kamalov, İlyas (2009), Altın Orda ve Rusya: Rusya Üzerindeki Türk-Tatar Etkisi, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul.
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo, Toma I–III, vstupitel’naia stat’ia, kommentarii k pis’mam A. F. Smirnov, Ripol Klassik, Moscow. (In Russian).
Kurat, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV.–XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, 3rd edition, Murat Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Kurat, Akdes (1999), Rusya Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara.
Nicolle, David, Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2005), Kalka River, 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia, Praeger, Westport, Conn.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1977), “Pokhod Mongol’skikh Voisk v Sredniuiu Aziiu v 1219–1224 gg. i ego Posledstviia”, in Tataro-Mongoly v Azii i Evrope: Sbornik Statey, 2nd ed., Pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe, S. L. Tikhvinskii (ed.), Moscow, pp. 107–39. (In Russian).
Rashiduddin Fazlullah (1998), Jamiut-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Vol. I–III, English translation & annotation by W. M. Thackston, Mass.: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge.
Roux, Jean Paul (2001), Moğol İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Transl. by Aykut Kazancıgil and Ayşe Bereket, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Solov’ev, Sergei Mikhailovich (2001), Istoriia Rossii s Drevneishikh Vremen, Rus’ İznachal’naia, Book I, Vol. 1–2, İzdatel’stvo AST, Moscow. (In Russian).
The Chronicle of Novgorod (Novgorodskaia Letopis), 1016–1471 (1914), Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes, with an introd. by C. Raymond Beazley, and an account of the text by A. A. Shakhmatov, Offices of the Society, London.
The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan (2001), Translated, Annotated, and with an Introduction by Urgunge Onon, RoutledgeCurzon Press, London and New York.
Vernadsky, George (1959a), Kievan Russia, 3rd Printing, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Vernadsky, George (1959b), The Mongols and Russia, 2nd Printing, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press, New Haven and London.